Scottish Independence and the Referendum - Free Essay Example

A general overview of the upcoming referendum on Scottish Independence. Introduction Described as Scotlands biggest choice since 1707 (McLean et al, 2013, p. ix), the upcoming referendum on Scottish independence will provide a pivotal event for the current and future populations of Scotland as voters get the opportunity to decide whether or not they are to remain a part of Great Britain or become an independent nation. As McLean et al (2013) have referenced, 1707 was a year of major importance in Scottish history because it saw the passage of the Union with England Act by the Parliament of Scotland, thus legitimising the reciprocal Union with Scotland Act which was passed by its English counterpart the previous year (Davis, 1998). The Acts of Union have now stood for more than three centuries and, although there have been proposals to challenge it in recent years, this is the first time that the Scottish public have been given the opportunity to vote on the issue in a formal referendum. This essay will examine the issue of Scottish independence by providing an insight into the historical and political events that have led to the 2013 proposal to hold a referendum on the issue. It will also look in depth at the campaigns for and against Scottish independence in order to assess the approaches that each one has taken in order to sway voters towards their individual cause. This will ultimately facilitate the drawing of the conclusion that Scottish independence has the propensity to fundamentally alter the political landscape of the entire international community rather than being limited to a British and European context. However, although both campaigns relating to the referendum are fundamentally flawed, t he choice made by the Scottish people will decide the nations fate for the foreseeable future. Historical Background Although this referendum is the first in/out vote to be held in relation to Scottish independence in the 21st century, votes have previously been held over the issue of devolution. In both 1979 and 1997, Scottish devolution referendums were held with varying outcomes (Deacon, 2012). In the 1979 case, the yes vote did gain a majority but failed to attract 40% of the total electorate and therefore failed to achieve change (Dardanelli, 2006). However, in the 1997 referendum, there was clear majority support for both devolution of the Scottish Parliament, which was achieved in the Scotland Act 1998, and Parliament establishing the base rate of income tax (Dardanelli, 2006). In both instances then, there was significant support for the devolution of Scotland and important powers. As such, sovereignty has been an issue for some time, which is further reinforced by a study of cultural identity by Bechhofer and McCrone (2007). The study suggests that the Scottish people have come to feel more comfortable with the Scottish identity, with the British collective identity being weakened as a result, although it also noted that the relatively weak association between national identity, party support and views on constitutional change suggests that being Scottish is more cultural than political (Bechhofer McCrone, 2007, p. 251). According to the study, the sense of Scottishness has been growing exponentially in recent years and therefore the perceived demand for the referendum that the Scottish National Party (SNP) promised in its 2011 election manifesto (Leyland, 2013) has created a climate that is conducive to promoting and holding a vote that will decide the future of Scotland and, by extension, the UK as a whole. The immediate events that led to the referendum are established in a House of Commons (2013) report that states that the formation of the SNP majority government following elections in 2011 led to a climate that was conducive to negotiating a r eferendum for independence with the UK government, thus leading to the signing of the Edinburgh Agreement. The binding referendum that was introduced in the Agreement was then introduced formally in the Scottish Independence Referendum Bill on 21st March 2013 and the date for the vote was established as 18th September 2014 (House of Commons, 2013). It was subsequently passed on 14th November 2013 after it was agreed that the question of independence would be framed as Should Scotland be an independent country? (House of Commons, 2013, p. 5). Should the result ultimately be a yes vote then independence will occur on 24 th March 2016 (House of Commons, 2013). Although this brief timeline is heavily fact based, it provides an outline of the process that underpins the referendum at the present time and introduces a timescale for the process of achieving independence should the outcome of the referendum be a yes vote. This is of vital importance because it provides more than a year to establish the practicalities of independence and secure political links and alliances in order to create a stable nation. However, there are no official provisions in place for independence at the present time, thus rendering the political landscape an important element for analysis in a general overview of the referendum. The Political Landscape The political complexities that are attached to the referendum and indeed Scottish independence should the majority of the electorate vote yes to the established question are extensive. For example, Maxwell (2012, p. 13) raised the following political issues that would, by necessity, be asked of the government: How could Scotlands credit rating absorb the weight of Scotlands debt legacy from the United Kingdom? How could Scotland be sure it would be admitted to the European Union? How could Scotland afford to start an Oil Fund when its budget would be in net fiscal deficit? Of course, asking such questions immediately after the SNP was able to gain a majority government made it virtually impossible to offer coherent and accurate answers to these issues. However, there are certainly major concerns with the political implications of a complete Scottish divorce from Great Britain: The Scottish vote is of almost equal importance to people in the rest of the UK and to the UKs trad ing and treaty partners including the European Union (EU), the Council of Europe and NATO (McLean et al, 2013, p. ix). Although there is no suggestion that Scotland will not seek to move forward without treaties in place with any of these wider political entities, the issue is one of sovereignty and somewhat ironically mirrors the UKs wider struggle for British sovereignty with the European Union (Gifford, 2010). As such, it may provide an opportunity to negotiate and redefine boundaries with the EU but, regardless of whether that opportunity does present itself, ministers will negotiate for an independent Scotland and therefore will be doing so with a view to achieving the best agreement for the individual country. Leading on from the issue of sovereignty, there have been political moves towards preparing for an independent political nation within Scotland. For example, on 16th June 2014 a draft Constitution has been released by the SNP so as to establish the parameters of sovereignty. The drafting of a Constitution for an independent Scotland has also gone some way to addressing some of the political issues that surround the referendum. For example, upon its release to the media, ministers highlighted its nationalist sentiment: Sturgeon said enshrining the sovereign will of the people gave legal meaning to the nationalists major complaint about the structure of the UK, where parties without a mandate from Scottish voters could make laws which affected them (Carrell, 2014). However, the draft Constitution also stressed its adherence to both European and international law (Carrell, 2014), thus suggesting that the SNP are committed to ensuring that political links are formed with the European Union in order to prevent its isolation in the wake of independence from the Westminster political structures. Indeed, the Yes Campaign has addressed this issue on its website, stating that Scotland already is part of the EU so there is no doubt that we me et all the requirements for membership, and with our energy and fishing resources it is clearly common sense, and in the interests of the EU, that Scotlands place in the EU continues seamlessly (Yes Scotland, 2013). This anticipated seamless transition into an independent member state of the EU is highly complex with further facets addressed by the Yes Campaign in its white paper for an independent Scotland. As such, it is necessary to take a closer look at the campaign and the arguments made within it. The Yes Campaign The Yes Campaign, which is also known as Yes Scotland, is the campaign established to project the side of the argument in favour of independence and is therefore promoting issues that suggest that Scotland would be better off as a sovereign nation. For example, a recent article that appeared on the campaigns website stressed the importance of Scottish sovereignty for the future of the nation. Gilmartin (2014) stated that Scotlands young people want to secure the best possible prospects for the future, but we dont yet have the powers we need in Scotland to create more jobs and opportunities for the younger generation here. This taps into the general belief that the Westminster government is removed from the people of Scotland, is unelected by them and therefore does not represent their best interests (McLean et al, 2013). In establishing a statement of need, this is designed to appeal to the generation of voters who would essentially have to endure the consequences of the outc ome and would therefore underscore the need to cater for their own futures. The campaign is not just limited to targeting specific groups of voters who are likely to turn out though. Instead, it provides a multifaceted appeal that covers a whole range of interests and specifically Scottish issues. For example, the draft Constitution incorporates environmental protection issues, the needs of the Scottish islands, the safeguarding of children and the determination of income tax levels (Carrell, 2014). As such, it has been founded upon issues that are important to the Scottish people and therefore stresses the best interests of the nation. However, the Yes Campaign has been the target of extensive criticism as a direct result of its links to the SNP, with Jacobs (2012) highlighting fears within other Scottish political parties that suggested that the Yes Campaign would be an SNP vehicle and therefore a political tool to secure power. Although this is based upon speculation and perception rather than fact, the SNP rhetoric is inextricably linked to the campaign as a direct result of its 2011 manifesto and commitment to holding the referendum so as to achieve Scottish independence. As such, this criticism has remained salient throughout. In addition, there has been criticism of some of the claims made by the campaign and politicians who support it. For example, Riley-Smith (2014) drew attention to criticism of the claims that Scotland would be wealthier than the UK after independence: Prof John Kay, formerly on the First Ministers Council of Economic Advisers, said it was a mistake for voters to think claims of an independent Scotland being one of the worlds wealthiest nations would mean more cash in their pockets. He warned that using GDP as a measure fails to reveal how much money bypasses locals by going straight to foreign companies Such sweeping statements are misleading and would provide a false premise for economic conditions after indepe ndence should the electorate choose to favour the yes vote. It also provides an inaccurate view of the state of the Scottish economy at the present time and how it would benefit the population. However, this is one of many issues that have been addressed by the No Campaign. The No Campaign The No Campaign, which is also known as the Better Together campaign, has largely been based upon the premise that Scotland enjoys major advantages because it is a part of the UK and it is likely to lose them should it choose independence. For example, the campaign points to the UKs rebate, which is worth  £135 per household, as a major benefit of membership of the UK that would be lost should it seek to renegotiate with the EUs leadership in the wake of the referendum (Better Together, 2013). It has also raised questions about the principles behind the Yes Campaign, such as its determination to retain Sterling as the currency of choice rather than joining the Euro (Scottish Government, 2013). For example, it has pointed out that there is no guarantee that Scotland will be able to remain a member of the EU if independent and neither can the government guarantee that it would not have to adopt the Euro should negotiations prove successful (Darling, 2014). As such, it challen ges the hypothetical measures that the Yes Campaign has drawn attention to. It also questions the assertion that Scotland would be economically better off alone, with notable pro-UK figures highlighting that Scotland is still in economic recovery and is ill-equipped to compete in global markets on an equal footing with the UK let alone other nations (Scotland Now, 2014). However, Maxwell (2012) undermines the credibility of the figures used to draw such conclusions, stating that the data on which the No Campaign has assessed the prospects for the Scottish economy is fundamentally flawed. He states that the GERS (Government Expenditure and Revenue in Scotland) reports on which figures are based often utilise data that is two years old and therefore carries a warning about its accuracy in order to highlight the fact that major discrepancies may exist. Similarly, the Better Together campaign has been accused of failing to appeal to working people, who are now switching their vote s to the Yes Campaign, in recent months (McAngus, 2014) and so will need to strategically rethink their appeal if it is to succeed in ensuring that Scotland remains a part of the UK. Conclusions In conclusion, this detailed but general overview of the Scottish independence referendum that is to be held in September 2014 effectively highlights the historical and political background to the vote, the political implications that could arise from a vote for independence and the nature of the campaigns that have been launched for both sides of the argument. Taking the political landscape first, the analysis does identify significant issues that must be resolved if there is ultimately a yes vote, particularly the nations membership of the European Union and international organisations like NATO. However, it is impossible for the government to be able to answer all questions related to these issues while the advent of independence is still hypothetical. No agreements can be put in place until after the referendum and so, although these problems must be considered in advance and proposals and contingency plans put forward, no negotiations can take place until afterwards. Thi s also goes some way to explaining why the campaigns for and against Scottish independence are flawed to a degree. The debate is currently based upon perceptions, opinions and data that is several years old so it is no wonder that the issues being discussed are so contentious and spark strong feelings from both sides. Both campaigns are well organised and offer salient points but their ability to influence the vote will only be measured following the referendum. In short, the general overview of the referendum for Scottish independence to date is multifaceted and highly complex but it is also able to conclude that it will alter the political landscape of the entire international community rather than being limited to a British and European context. Relations with Scotland will change based on its own sovereignty rather than its dependence on Westminster if the electorate votes for independence. However, no matter what the outcome, the likelihood is it will be this generations final opportunity to determine Scotlands future and so no vote should be taken lightly. Bibliography Bechhofer, F. McCrone, D., (2007). Being British: A Crisis of Identity? The Political Quarterly, 78:2, pp. 251-260. Better Together, (2013). The EU. Better Together. [Online] Available at: https://bettertogether.net/the-facts/entry/eu-membership [Accessed 17 June 2014]. Carrell, S., (2014). SP Publishes Draft of First Constitution for an Independent Scotland. The Guardian. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jun/16/scottish-constitution-first-draft-issued-nicola-sturgeon [Accessed 16 June 2014]. Dardanelli, P., (2006). Devolution: Between Two Unions. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Darling, A., (2014). Leave the UK, Leave the UK Pound. Better Together. [Online] Available at: https://www.bettertogether.net/blog/entry/leave-the-uk-leave-the-uk-pound . [Accessed 17 June 2014]. Davis, L., (1998). Acts of Union: Scotland and the Literary Negotiation of the British Nation, 1707-1830. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Deacon, R., (2012). Devolution in the United Kingdom. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Gifford, C., (2010). The UK and the European Union: Dimensions of Sovereignty and the Problems of Eurosceptic Britishness. Parliamentary Affairs, 63:2, pp. 321-338. Gilmartin, K., (2014). Young People Have the Most to Gain From Independence. Yes Scotland. [Online] Available at: https://www.yesscotland.net/news/young-people-have-most-gain-independence [Accessed 17 June 2014]. House of Commons (2013). International Development Committee: Implications for Development in the Event of Scotland Becoming an Independent Country. London: The Stationary Office. Jacobs, E., (2012). Yes Scotland Campaign in Chaos as Fears Spread of an SNP Hijack. Left Foot Forward. [Online] Available at: https://www.leftfootforward.org/2012/06/yes-scotland-campaign-in-chaos-as-fears-spread-of-an-snp-hijack . [Accessed 15 June 2014]. Leyland, P., (2013). Referendums, Popular Sovereignty and the Territorial Constitution. In R. Rawlings, P. Leyland A. Young eds. Sovereignty and the Law: Domestic, European and International Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 145-164. Maxwell, S., (2012). Arguing for Independence: Evidence, Risk and the Wicked Issues. Berwick: Luath Press. McAngus, C., (2014). Better Together Campaign Creates a Strategic Dilemma for Scottish Labour. London School of Economics and Political Science. [Online] Available at: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/better-togethers-create-a-strategic-dilemma-for-scottish-labour . [Accessed 17 June 2014]. McLean, I., Gallagher, J. Lodge, G., (2013). Scotlands Choices: The Referendum and What Happens Afterwards. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Riley-Smith, B., (2014). Alex Salmonds Ex-Economic Adviser Criticises Claim at Heart of Poster Campaign. The Telegraph. [Online] Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scottish-independence/10771192/Alex-Sal monds-ex-economic-adviser-criticises-claim-at-heart-of-poster-campaign.html [Accessed 17 June 2014] Scottish Government, (2013). Scotlands Future: Your Guide to an Independent Scotland. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government. Scotland Now, (2014). Independence Referendum: Harry Potter Author JK Rowling Shows Her Support for Better Together Campaign. Scotland Now. [Online] Available at: https://www.scotlandnow.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/harry-potter-author-jk-rowling-3673783 [Accessed 17 June 2014]. Yes Scotland, (2013). Will Scotland be in the European Union? Yes Scotland. [Online] Available at: https://www.yesscotland.net/answers/will-scotland-be-european-union [Accessed 17 June 2014].

How Does Ethical Dilemma Occur - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1733 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? According to Murray (2017), an ethical dilemma occurs when obligations, principles, rights, values, and beliefs are in conflict (p. 73). They arise when the only choices available are undesirable (Murray, 2017, p. 73). With outcomes of patient demise with either choice, physician assisted suicide (PAS) clearly meets the criteria of an ethical dilemma. History Euthanasia has a long history around the world as well as the United States. The first set of ethical standards that were established to guide the practice of medicine was in 400 BC at the School of Hippocrates. These ethical standards are found in what is known as the Hippocratic Oath. This oath, held by physicians, guides them to treat the patient to the best of their ability while maintaining the privacy of the patient and promising to teach younger generations the knowledge of medicine. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Does Ethical Dilemma Occur?" essay for you Create order In the 1900s, the right to death was a topic of discussion throughout Europe. In 1920, in Germany, home of the most scientifically advanced medical community in Europe, a booklet titled Permitting the Destruction of Unworthy Life was published (Vizcarrondo, 2017, p. 1). This booklet brought to light the ideation that it should be legal to kill people that were deemed unworthy of living. In Germany, after this booklet was published, physicians and nurses legally practiced the organized killing of human beings. PAS has now made its way to the United States (U.S.). As of 2017, five states have passed a statute governing PAS. In chronological order, they are: Oregon (1994), Washington (2008), Vermont (2013), California (2015), and Colorado (2016) (Sullivan, 2018, p. 50). There are 17 other states who are currently considering the passage of death with dignity laws. There are requirements for PAS laws. The requirements include that eligible patients must be 18 years of age or older and have a terminal illness, with a death prognosis of six months or less. In regards to the physician, they must have an active license in the state and must inform the patient of all possible options. The last requirement of the PAS laws deals with timing. There must be an Initial verbal request, followed by a 15-day waiting period. There must then be a second verbal request to the physician, followed by a written request. Finally, there must be a 48-hour waiting period before the patient can pick up the medications from a participating pharmacy (Sullivan, 2018, p. 50). These requirements are important to the PAS laws because they establish criteria for who may receive and who may administer this procedure. With such a highly debated ethical topic such as PAS, clear guidelines are necessary to help prevent misuse of this procedure. Ethical Principles In nursing there are eight ethical principles that nurses must practice including autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, fidelity, veracity, privacy, and confidentiality (Murray, 2017). So, how does a nurse juggle their ethical responsibilities and their own personal beliefs when it comes to PAS? The ethical principles which relate most to PAS are autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. Each of these principles have specific factors which can lead to significant moral distress in nurses and can have weighing effects on the patients as well as the patients family and friends. Autonomy Autonomy is defined as self-governance, in that an individual is free to make choices about what can be done to his or her body (Murray, 2017, p. 65). This ethical principle is one which can be very challenging in the context of PAS. From a nursing standpoint the nurse should always advocate for their patient as far as what the patient wants and what is best for that patient. In situations such as this, the nurse may be experiencing significant moral distress related to his or her own beliefs regarding PAS. Furthermore, as a persons death approaches, dilemmas around quality of life and wanting to proactively end life can be complicated and distressing for all concerned (Costello, 2014, p. 55). Therefore you cannot just look at the nurses feelings of the situation, you must also consider the patient as well as their friends and family. The patient may want to end their life, but they also may want to be there to comfort their friends and family throughout the end of their life. On the other hand, the patients family and friends may wish for the patients suffering to end but are not prepared or ready for their loved one to die. In reality, the patient should have full autonomy over choices regarding their care; however, in most states in the U.S. it is illegal to provide PAS. This means that patients typically do not have this option whether it is within their wishes for end-of-life care or not, which ultimately limits their autonomy. Beneficence Beneficence is a core principle of patient advocacy and refers to any action intended to benefit another (Murray, 2017, p. 66). When referring to beneficence arguments can be made regarding PAS as to whether or not it supports this ethical principle. According to Kiger (2015), if the patient has no hope of recovery and might spend further weeks or months in discomfort, living a life devoid of value, ending that life would be an act of kindness, which would essentially an act of beneficence (p. 4). Another point of view would be that if the patient wishes to participate in PAS, but they have a chance of recovery or their condition is not one with debilitating factors that may significantly decrease their quality of life, then providing PAS would defy the ethical principle of beneficence. Nonmaleficence Nonmaleficence is the moral obligation to do no harm or injury to another person (Murray, 2017, p. 66). If a patient is constantly in significant pain, has a remarkably decreased quality of life, and has no hope of recovery then ending that life would prevent needless pain and suffering (Kiger, 2015, p. 4). In other words, it would be an act of nonmaleficence and would be considered ethical. From another perspective, the patient may have a chance of recovery with the hope of decreasing their pain and increasing their quality of life. In this scenario it would be considered a breach of nonmaleficence to allow or advocate for PAS. In doing so the nurse is advocating for the patient to die without good reason; therefore, causing harm to the patient. Ethical Platform When a nurse decides whether or not to take an ethical stand for or against PAS many are set in their beliefs and firm in where they stand. Through this study, the platform reached was divided evenly down the middle, which is reflected in the research and in surveys reviewed. Each opinion was formed and framed based on individual experiences and beliefs. When faced with an ethical dilemma such as PAS, each nurse should reflect upon their own beliefs and know where they stand morally and ethically. There is no specific right or wrong, and nurses may differ in their opinion with each situation they encounter. The American Nursing Association (ANA) Code of Ethics was developed more than 65 years ago, with many provisions being made over time, yet the principles remain the same. Ethical code 1.4 Right to Self-Determination is described as, Nurses should provide interventions to relieve pain and other symptoms in the dying patient consistent with palliative care practice standards and may not act with the sole intent to end life (Code of Ethics, 2015, p. 3). Respecting patient autonomy is to respect a patients right to self-determination (Murray, 2017). Patients can make choices to what extent of care or life sustaining treatment they want to receive, and as previously stated there are states in which a patient with a terminal illness can decide to end their life. PAS is illegal in the majority of our country, and the ANA states that, nurses are strictly prohibited from participating in PAS (Pedersen Tariman, 2017, p. 25). Where is the line drawn in deciding how far a nurse can go to respec t a patients autonomy? Concerning beneficence and adhering to the duty to do good nurses must uphold and constantly advocate for a patients needs and wishes (Murray, 2017, p. 65). Nurses working in areas such as hospice, critical care, or oncology are often faced with patients who are suffering from unrelieved pain, and many request help with ending their suffering. This leaves nurses in an ethical predicament; does one allow their patient with stage four terminal esophageal cancer who has requested death with dignity to suffer from pain and starvation or does the nurse empower the patient by advocating for their request. To determine a nursing standpoint on such dilemmas, 539 nurses in Nevada were given an end-of-life survey. Out of those nurses surveyed, 53% expressed support of PAS, including death with dignity (Pedersen Tariman, 2017, p. 35). The ANA stands against PAS, yet the nurse may administer pain medication that may potentially hasten the patients death based on the principle of double effect, which is defined as the justification of claims that a single act having two unforeseen effects, one good and one harmful, such as death, is not always morally prohibited if the harmful effect is not intended (Pedersen Tariman, 2017, p. 26). This seemingly contradicts the ethical principle of nonmaleficence. Even though a harmful effect was not intended, how can the principle of double effect be ethically justified? Yet, nurses who participate in PAS can still face criticism. In San Francisco, out of 24 different health care facilities serving AIDS patients, 54% supported PAS for its ability to relieve suffering (Pedersen Tariman, 2017, p. 35). While many nurses are supportive of PAS for their strong beliefs in patients dignity and autonomy those who are unsupportive cite that personal ethics, religion, and the potential fo r abuse of PAS defines their moral disapproval of PAS (Pedersen Tariman, 2017, p. 36). Conclusion When questions of moral rightness or wrongness underlie a nurses decision making and care of patients in a beneficent manner, ethical issues will arise (Stanhope Lancaster, 2017, p. 51). These ethical issues grow into dilemmas when there are justifiable reasons for either option (Stanhope Lancaster, 2017, p. 51). It is clear that there are arguments for and against PAS, with each side justifiable by basic principles of ethics. While at this time the ANA Code of Ethics prevents nurses from participating in PAS, there may come a time when nurses will have to choose for themselves. It is key that each nurse examines their own personal beliefs and feelings prior to facing such a decision. If necessary, they need to be prepared to step aside and let another nurse provide care during PAS if they cannot resolve doing so with their own beliefs.

The New York Legislature Approved More Than People With...

Willowbrook was designed in 1958 as an idea to build a school for the developmentally disabled. The New York legislature approved more than 5 million dollars to purchase 375 acres of land in the Northern part of Staten Island. Thirty building were erected completely surrounded by woods. When it was finished in 1941 the World War II was ending and veterans were just returning home. Veterans Administration took over the building to care for their wounded. The temporary name was Halloran General Hospital. It wasn’t until 1951 that Willowbrook opened its doors as â€Å"Willowbrook State School for people with disabilities.† Within the first 4 years Willowbrook surpassed its capacity of 2,950 by housing about 3,600 residents. Parents during that time were pressured by society, doctors, and even the court system to place their children who did not meet society’s standards of â€Å"normal.† By 1965 Willowbrook housed over 6,000 residents. This institution had the highest population in all of New Your State of disabled people along with the highest population of African Americans and Puerto Ricans. More than 200,000 people with disabilities nation wide were dumped into different institutions. The first legislative social reform gave families no other choices. The Federal Government did not provide any assistance to help keep their children stay home. Willowbrook became a dumping ground for the developmentally disabled where they were subjected to deplorable conditions, abuse and evenShow MoreRelatedMarijuana: the Good Part1506 Words   |  7 Pagesof gait. (Multiple sclerosis is the leading cause of neurological disability among young and middle-aged adults in the United States.) Epilepsy. Marijuana can prevent epileptic seizures in some patients. Chronic Pain. Marijuana can alleviate the chronic, often debilitating pain caused by myriad disorders and injuries. 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Alkoxy Group Definition in Chemistry

An alkoxy group is a functional group containing an alkyl group (carbon and hydrogen chain) bonded to an oxygen atom. Alkoxy groups have the general formula: R-O. An alkoxy group is also known as an alkyloxy group. An alkoxy group bonded to a hydrogen atom is an alcohol.An alkoxy group bonded to another alkyl group is an ether. Examples: The simplest alkoxy group is the methoxy group: CH3O-.

Sources Of Energy Renewable Energy Essay - 2221 Words

sources of energy 1- Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished). Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation. Renewable energy is energy that is generated from natural processes that are continuously replenished. This includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind, tides, water, and various forms of biomass. This energy cannot be exhausted and is constantly renewed. 2- non-renewable energy Alternative energy is a term used for an energy source that is an alternative to using fossil fuels. Generally, it indicates energies that are non-traditional and have low environmental impact. The term alternative is used to contrast with fossil fuels according to some sources. By most definitions alternative energy doesn t harm the environment, a distinction which separates it from renewable energy which may or may not have significant environmental impact. 1- Solar Energy The sun is probably the most important source of renewable energy available today. Traditionally, the sun has provided energy for practically all living creatures on earth, through the process of photosynthesis, in which plants absorb solar radiation and convert it into stored energy for growth and development. Scientists and engineers today seek to utilize solar radiation directly by convertingShow MoreRelatedRenewable Sources Of Energy And Energy1120 Words   |  5 PagesAlternate energies are forms of energy that do not deplete natural resources or harm the earth. The sources of the energies are naturally found or generated or are part of a natural conversion from one source into another. Energy cannot be destroyed but can be converted into other forms, therefore there are many reactions occurring around us that allow us to harness these energies. Alternate sources of energy has been extensively researched as a result of the large energy crisis that is being experiencedRead MoreEnergy Sources Of Renewable Energy1292 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction. Nowadays, with the continuous increase in the demand for energy consumption resulted by both population and socioeconomic growth, making it a priority to satisfy such a demand for all developed countries. This report aims initially to focus on the energy situation in the United Kingdom, and then present two forms of energy conventional energy in specific coal, and renewable energy which is wind energy, and will finally recommend the most suitable one after comparing and contrastingRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources Of Energy2600 Words   |  11 PagesThe worldwide demand of energy has been increasing considerably. Up to 2030, it is supposed to be 60% higher than today (B. SCHMITZ, 2013). Currently, non-renewable energy sources, like coal and oil, are more commonly used, since they are cheaper than renewable energies. In the European Union, 80% of the energy consumption demands are covered by fossil sources (B. SCHMITZ, 2013). But, non-renewable energy sources are running out and they are also very harmful for the environment, since they generateRead MoreEnergy Of Renewable Energy Sources Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years many endeavors have been devoted to reduce the pollutant energy generation by increasing the utilization of clean energy sources. Actually, the power sector is responsible for roughly a quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions [1]. Thus, the widespread introduction of renewable energy sources is seen to be one of the major solutions. Meanwhile, fossil fuel based power plants will still be needed. In any case, fully abstaining from the use of fossil fuels is difficult. Nevertheless,Read MoreRenewable Sources Of Energy And Energy1983 Words   |  8 Pagesof all the energy used in the day-to-day lives and operations of the entire world population are nonrenewable. This energy is created from the fossil fuels: coal, petroleum and natural gas. Fossil fuels are still cheap and high in supply, but the rate at which we are consuming them, which is only expected to increase, vastly exceeds the rate at which they regenerate. This creates the aforementioned problem of mankind running out of the required natural resources to fuel its own energy demands. TheRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources For Energy1540 Words   |  7 Pagesconcern over the growing demand for energy, and the lack of non-renewable energy resources to meet the demand in the future. In addition, the question of â€Å"sustainability†;the ability to balance social, economic, and environmental needs in energy production to meet both current and long-term requirements;has come to the forefront. It is clear that America must expand energy production quickly, and that we must develop renewable, sustainable energy sources to meet long-term demand and protectRead MoreThe Energy Source Of Renewable Energy3041 Words   |  13 Pagesis using fossil fuels, which are nonrenewable sources. Fossil fuels are cheap and limited. They will soon be depleted. The world needs to find a source of energy that is not only renewable but sustainable. Sustainable Energy is usually associated with renewable energy. This is because renewable energy is a continuous source. However, the sustainability of each of different types of renewable energy vary. Sustainable energy means that amount of energy that is used, is also generated. The idea of sustainabilityRead MoreSources Of Energy : Renewable Energy Essay2238 Words   |  9 PagesSources of energy 1- Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished). Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation. Renewable energy is energy that is generated from natural processes that are continuously replenished. This includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind, tides, water, andRead MoreEnergy Sources Of Renewable Energy1944 Words   |  8 PagesExecutive Summary The development of renewable and alternative energy is becoming more and more necessary as the traditional fossil fuel energy is a non-renewable energy and can cause various environmental problems such as the global warming effect. However, the challenge today in generating alternative energy is to find a cost effective way while has the smallest harmful environmental impacts. Developing bioenergy have the advantage of reducing greenhouse gas emission while creating great economicRead MoreRenewable Sources Of Energy Sources1213 Words   |  5 PagesEnergy Sources Introduction Energy sources have been identified as being vital in running virtually all domestic and industrial operations. There are two types of energy sources; renewable energy sources and nonrenewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources refer to the kinds that are naturally replenished. These include sunlight, the wind, ocean tides, waves, geothermal heat and rain (Tiwari et al., 2012). Nonrenewable energy sources, on the other hand, are the kinds that do not renew themselves

Value of Diversity Paper - 1213 Words

Running head: VALUE OF DIVERSITY PAPER Value of Diversity Paper Cultural Diversity SOC/315 Value of Diversity in the Workplace In companies or corporations the global landscape now reflects diversity in the employees found in the workplace. Employees come from different backgrounds, geographic or global areas, ethnic and cultural origins, and have unique skills and talents. Individuals must work together and merge skills and manage diversity effectively in the workplace. Our thoughts, actions, and very beliefs are shaped by our culture. These things are ingrained and remain unshakeable until, faced with someone who is of another faith or belief system with a different way of doing things than individuals are familiar with.†¦show more content†¦I think the defining moment for them, is that I had kept paper records of all my assignments, and past performance appraisals and customer satisfaction surveys. The divisional manager was guilty of operating a â€Å"glass ceiling† at management level and stopped women of color from promoting to higher positions of authority. The senior management was al l male, and less than 10% were female. The positions were filled without any stated qualifications or criteria. It was always done with a â€Å"tap on the shoulder† and is not legal. Companies are subject to the attributes of economic, competitive, and technological pressures that require different global strategies. In this situation, the company or rather the executive pursued policies or practices continually which denied equal and fair job opportunities to be made to all individuals, regardless of gender, sex, or culture. In corporate life and elsewhere, there must be mutual trust and respect and that is the heart of having an effective diverse workforce. This is more relevant when the key players are from different countries and of different cultures. Diagnosis of the problem In my situation, the executive was guilty of failing to follow company mandated job posting procedures, ensuring that all employees had equal opportunity to review those postings. Additional infractions were: discouraging females of color from applying for managerial positions, failing or refusing toShow MoreRelatedDiversity As A Ethical Imperative Essay1037 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This paper will include a statement policy that will summarize diversity as a ethical imperative. There will be a secular and biblical policy that explains diversity as a ethical imperative. Diversity is important in an organization and in order to sustain a ethical culture, it is in the company’s best interest to create a diverse workplace. In addition to the statement policy, this paper will consist of what the majority decides is important in reference to diversity in an organizationRead More4 Macro Environment Mcdonalds1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to discuss external and internal factors affecting McDonald’s management functions. This will be accomplished by explaining how McDonald’s deals with each of the external and internal factors. There were three factors that were chosen to outline the success of McDonald’s corporation. The first factor is globalization, which is define as closer contact between different parts of the world, with increasing possibilities of personal exchange, mutual understanding and friendshipRead MoreMacro Environment Mcdonalds Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to discuss external and internal factors affecting McDonald’s management functions. This will be accomplished by explaining how McDonald’s deals with each of the external and internal factors. There were three factors that were chosen to outline the success of McDonald’s corporation. The first factor is globalization, which is define as closer contact between different parts of the world, with increasing possibilities of personal exchange, mutual understanding andRead MoreHigh Performance Team Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesIn this paper I will discuss how a team/group can become a high-performance team/group, examine the demographic characteristics and culture diversity and the impact on the team/group behavior. I will also describe how demographic characteristics and cultural diversity contribute to or detract from high-performance groups or teams. What is a team/group? 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In this paper it is very important to understand the concept of population genetics. Population genetics explains the study and research of distributions

Analysing Personality and Organizational Growth †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Analysing Personality and Organizational Growth. Answer: Personality influence on personal and professional lives The big five personality model helps to identifies and analyse an individuals behaviour at workplace or in their personal lives. There are five personality traits known as OCEAN forms a strong basis for analysing the personality of an individual (Rothmann Coetzer, 2003). After taking the personality test the results found were as follows: In the organization open mindedness level is very important as it shows the flexibility in adapting new things and have an ability to listen to new ideas but in my case it was found to be average which implies that an individual is hesitant to adapt changes and try something new. It is a major hurdle in any organizational growth. In personal life I am reluctant to try out new things and want to follow the conventional routine (Bailey, 2014). The high conscientiousness level signifies that as a professional I am well planned and set realistic goals and very persistent in achieving them and when it comes to the personal life, I am capable of dealing with lifes tough situation and my lifes decisions are governed by values and principles. The extraversion level was below average which means in professional life, I am very resistant when it comes to communicate my views on certain issues. In personal life I am an introvert and not socially active. The agreeableness level was found to be very high which means I cannot break trust or deceive anyone for my personal benefit. Also I am good listener and very concerned about others problem and their well-being. The negative emotionality level was very low. In case of any issues in my professional life, I tend to be calm and handle the stressful situation efficiently. Also I have less anger issues. Personality traits and core values of the role model The role model that I have chosen is Late Steve Jobs, who was the cofounder of Apple Inc. The personality traits of Steve Jobs are: He was a visionary leader; with his innovative products from iPod to iPhone to MacBook he changed the future of technology (Kalla, 2012). He made everyone believe in his vision and delivered something beyond everyones expectations. Perseverance and Passion was reflected in Steve Jobs journey. When he was thrown out from the Apple Inc. he started his own companies Pixar and Next whose shares were later purchased by the Apple. This gave him a way to enter into that organization again and accomplish his dream of making innovative and technologically advanced products. The core value of Steve Jobs was innovation. He and his team were responsible for making revolutionary products which have changed the way how we use the smartphones and computers. He believed in the philosophy of Stay Hungry and Stay Foolish which means an individual should always be hungry for learning and innovating something new and staying foolish so that one can always learn from their mistakes. Steve Jobs surprised everyone with its voice assistant Siri and their famous iPods changed the music listening experience of everyone. He believed in breaking the stereotypes and innovating something unconventional. IPods are the clear example. When Sony was ruling the music player department with Walkman, Steve Jobs dared to launched his IPods and in no time they replaced Walkman and captured the market. The core values of Steve Jobs have helped Apple to become a Global Leader in Technological products. References Bailey, S. (2014). Can Personality Predict Performance? Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/sebastianbailey/2014/07/08/can-personality-predict-performance/#11a74b5a5499 on 5 May 2017. Kalla, S. (2012). 10 Leadership Tips from Steve Jobs. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/susankalla/2012/04/02/10-leadership-tips-from-steve-jobs/#3ea5d9a3667f on 5 May 2017. Rothmann, S. Coetzer, E.P. (2003). THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND JOB PERFORMANCE. Retrieved from https://www.ianrothmann.com/pub/psyc_v29_n1_a9.pdf on 5 May 2017.