How Does Ethical Dilemma Occur - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1733 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? According to Murray (2017), an ethical dilemma occurs when obligations, principles, rights, values, and beliefs are in conflict (p. 73). They arise when the only choices available are undesirable (Murray, 2017, p. 73). With outcomes of patient demise with either choice, physician assisted suicide (PAS) clearly meets the criteria of an ethical dilemma. History Euthanasia has a long history around the world as well as the United States. The first set of ethical standards that were established to guide the practice of medicine was in 400 BC at the School of Hippocrates. These ethical standards are found in what is known as the Hippocratic Oath. This oath, held by physicians, guides them to treat the patient to the best of their ability while maintaining the privacy of the patient and promising to teach younger generations the knowledge of medicine. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Does Ethical Dilemma Occur?" essay for you Create order In the 1900s, the right to death was a topic of discussion throughout Europe. In 1920, in Germany, home of the most scientifically advanced medical community in Europe, a booklet titled Permitting the Destruction of Unworthy Life was published (Vizcarrondo, 2017, p. 1). This booklet brought to light the ideation that it should be legal to kill people that were deemed unworthy of living. In Germany, after this booklet was published, physicians and nurses legally practiced the organized killing of human beings. PAS has now made its way to the United States (U.S.). As of 2017, five states have passed a statute governing PAS. In chronological order, they are: Oregon (1994), Washington (2008), Vermont (2013), California (2015), and Colorado (2016) (Sullivan, 2018, p. 50). There are 17 other states who are currently considering the passage of death with dignity laws. There are requirements for PAS laws. The requirements include that eligible patients must be 18 years of age or older and have a terminal illness, with a death prognosis of six months or less. In regards to the physician, they must have an active license in the state and must inform the patient of all possible options. The last requirement of the PAS laws deals with timing. There must be an Initial verbal request, followed by a 15-day waiting period. There must then be a second verbal request to the physician, followed by a written request. Finally, there must be a 48-hour waiting period before the patient can pick up the medications from a participating pharmacy (Sullivan, 2018, p. 50). These requirements are important to the PAS laws because they establish criteria for who may receive and who may administer this procedure. With such a highly debated ethical topic such as PAS, clear guidelines are necessary to help prevent misuse of this procedure. Ethical Principles In nursing there are eight ethical principles that nurses must practice including autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, fidelity, veracity, privacy, and confidentiality (Murray, 2017). So, how does a nurse juggle their ethical responsibilities and their own personal beliefs when it comes to PAS? The ethical principles which relate most to PAS are autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. Each of these principles have specific factors which can lead to significant moral distress in nurses and can have weighing effects on the patients as well as the patients family and friends. Autonomy Autonomy is defined as self-governance, in that an individual is free to make choices about what can be done to his or her body (Murray, 2017, p. 65). This ethical principle is one which can be very challenging in the context of PAS. From a nursing standpoint the nurse should always advocate for their patient as far as what the patient wants and what is best for that patient. In situations such as this, the nurse may be experiencing significant moral distress related to his or her own beliefs regarding PAS. Furthermore, as a persons death approaches, dilemmas around quality of life and wanting to proactively end life can be complicated and distressing for all concerned (Costello, 2014, p. 55). Therefore you cannot just look at the nurses feelings of the situation, you must also consider the patient as well as their friends and family. The patient may want to end their life, but they also may want to be there to comfort their friends and family throughout the end of their life. On the other hand, the patients family and friends may wish for the patients suffering to end but are not prepared or ready for their loved one to die. In reality, the patient should have full autonomy over choices regarding their care; however, in most states in the U.S. it is illegal to provide PAS. This means that patients typically do not have this option whether it is within their wishes for end-of-life care or not, which ultimately limits their autonomy. Beneficence Beneficence is a core principle of patient advocacy and refers to any action intended to benefit another (Murray, 2017, p. 66). When referring to beneficence arguments can be made regarding PAS as to whether or not it supports this ethical principle. According to Kiger (2015), if the patient has no hope of recovery and might spend further weeks or months in discomfort, living a life devoid of value, ending that life would be an act of kindness, which would essentially an act of beneficence (p. 4). Another point of view would be that if the patient wishes to participate in PAS, but they have a chance of recovery or their condition is not one with debilitating factors that may significantly decrease their quality of life, then providing PAS would defy the ethical principle of beneficence. Nonmaleficence Nonmaleficence is the moral obligation to do no harm or injury to another person (Murray, 2017, p. 66). If a patient is constantly in significant pain, has a remarkably decreased quality of life, and has no hope of recovery then ending that life would prevent needless pain and suffering (Kiger, 2015, p. 4). In other words, it would be an act of nonmaleficence and would be considered ethical. From another perspective, the patient may have a chance of recovery with the hope of decreasing their pain and increasing their quality of life. In this scenario it would be considered a breach of nonmaleficence to allow or advocate for PAS. In doing so the nurse is advocating for the patient to die without good reason; therefore, causing harm to the patient. Ethical Platform When a nurse decides whether or not to take an ethical stand for or against PAS many are set in their beliefs and firm in where they stand. Through this study, the platform reached was divided evenly down the middle, which is reflected in the research and in surveys reviewed. Each opinion was formed and framed based on individual experiences and beliefs. When faced with an ethical dilemma such as PAS, each nurse should reflect upon their own beliefs and know where they stand morally and ethically. There is no specific right or wrong, and nurses may differ in their opinion with each situation they encounter. The American Nursing Association (ANA) Code of Ethics was developed more than 65 years ago, with many provisions being made over time, yet the principles remain the same. Ethical code 1.4 Right to Self-Determination is described as, Nurses should provide interventions to relieve pain and other symptoms in the dying patient consistent with palliative care practice standards and may not act with the sole intent to end life (Code of Ethics, 2015, p. 3). Respecting patient autonomy is to respect a patients right to self-determination (Murray, 2017). Patients can make choices to what extent of care or life sustaining treatment they want to receive, and as previously stated there are states in which a patient with a terminal illness can decide to end their life. PAS is illegal in the majority of our country, and the ANA states that, nurses are strictly prohibited from participating in PAS (Pedersen Tariman, 2017, p. 25). Where is the line drawn in deciding how far a nurse can go to respec t a patients autonomy? Concerning beneficence and adhering to the duty to do good nurses must uphold and constantly advocate for a patients needs and wishes (Murray, 2017, p. 65). Nurses working in areas such as hospice, critical care, or oncology are often faced with patients who are suffering from unrelieved pain, and many request help with ending their suffering. This leaves nurses in an ethical predicament; does one allow their patient with stage four terminal esophageal cancer who has requested death with dignity to suffer from pain and starvation or does the nurse empower the patient by advocating for their request. To determine a nursing standpoint on such dilemmas, 539 nurses in Nevada were given an end-of-life survey. Out of those nurses surveyed, 53% expressed support of PAS, including death with dignity (Pedersen Tariman, 2017, p. 35). The ANA stands against PAS, yet the nurse may administer pain medication that may potentially hasten the patients death based on the principle of double effect, which is defined as the justification of claims that a single act having two unforeseen effects, one good and one harmful, such as death, is not always morally prohibited if the harmful effect is not intended (Pedersen Tariman, 2017, p. 26). This seemingly contradicts the ethical principle of nonmaleficence. Even though a harmful effect was not intended, how can the principle of double effect be ethically justified? Yet, nurses who participate in PAS can still face criticism. In San Francisco, out of 24 different health care facilities serving AIDS patients, 54% supported PAS for its ability to relieve suffering (Pedersen Tariman, 2017, p. 35). While many nurses are supportive of PAS for their strong beliefs in patients dignity and autonomy those who are unsupportive cite that personal ethics, religion, and the potential fo r abuse of PAS defines their moral disapproval of PAS (Pedersen Tariman, 2017, p. 36). Conclusion When questions of moral rightness or wrongness underlie a nurses decision making and care of patients in a beneficent manner, ethical issues will arise (Stanhope Lancaster, 2017, p. 51). These ethical issues grow into dilemmas when there are justifiable reasons for either option (Stanhope Lancaster, 2017, p. 51). It is clear that there are arguments for and against PAS, with each side justifiable by basic principles of ethics. While at this time the ANA Code of Ethics prevents nurses from participating in PAS, there may come a time when nurses will have to choose for themselves. It is key that each nurse examines their own personal beliefs and feelings prior to facing such a decision. If necessary, they need to be prepared to step aside and let another nurse provide care during PAS if they cannot resolve doing so with their own beliefs.

The New York Legislature Approved More Than People With...

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Alkoxy Group Definition in Chemistry

An alkoxy group is a functional group containing an alkyl group (carbon and hydrogen chain) bonded to an oxygen atom. Alkoxy groups have the general formula: R-O. An alkoxy group is also known as an alkyloxy group. An alkoxy group bonded to a hydrogen atom is an alcohol.An alkoxy group bonded to another alkyl group is an ether. Examples: The simplest alkoxy group is the methoxy group: CH3O-.

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Value of Diversity Paper - 1213 Words

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Analysing Personality and Organizational Growth †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Analysing Personality and Organizational Growth. Answer: Personality influence on personal and professional lives The big five personality model helps to identifies and analyse an individuals behaviour at workplace or in their personal lives. There are five personality traits known as OCEAN forms a strong basis for analysing the personality of an individual (Rothmann Coetzer, 2003). After taking the personality test the results found were as follows: In the organization open mindedness level is very important as it shows the flexibility in adapting new things and have an ability to listen to new ideas but in my case it was found to be average which implies that an individual is hesitant to adapt changes and try something new. It is a major hurdle in any organizational growth. In personal life I am reluctant to try out new things and want to follow the conventional routine (Bailey, 2014). The high conscientiousness level signifies that as a professional I am well planned and set realistic goals and very persistent in achieving them and when it comes to the personal life, I am capable of dealing with lifes tough situation and my lifes decisions are governed by values and principles. The extraversion level was below average which means in professional life, I am very resistant when it comes to communicate my views on certain issues. In personal life I am an introvert and not socially active. The agreeableness level was found to be very high which means I cannot break trust or deceive anyone for my personal benefit. Also I am good listener and very concerned about others problem and their well-being. The negative emotionality level was very low. In case of any issues in my professional life, I tend to be calm and handle the stressful situation efficiently. Also I have less anger issues. Personality traits and core values of the role model The role model that I have chosen is Late Steve Jobs, who was the cofounder of Apple Inc. The personality traits of Steve Jobs are: He was a visionary leader; with his innovative products from iPod to iPhone to MacBook he changed the future of technology (Kalla, 2012). He made everyone believe in his vision and delivered something beyond everyones expectations. Perseverance and Passion was reflected in Steve Jobs journey. When he was thrown out from the Apple Inc. he started his own companies Pixar and Next whose shares were later purchased by the Apple. This gave him a way to enter into that organization again and accomplish his dream of making innovative and technologically advanced products. The core value of Steve Jobs was innovation. He and his team were responsible for making revolutionary products which have changed the way how we use the smartphones and computers. He believed in the philosophy of Stay Hungry and Stay Foolish which means an individual should always be hungry for learning and innovating something new and staying foolish so that one can always learn from their mistakes. Steve Jobs surprised everyone with its voice assistant Siri and their famous iPods changed the music listening experience of everyone. He believed in breaking the stereotypes and innovating something unconventional. IPods are the clear example. When Sony was ruling the music player department with Walkman, Steve Jobs dared to launched his IPods and in no time they replaced Walkman and captured the market. The core values of Steve Jobs have helped Apple to become a Global Leader in Technological products. References Bailey, S. (2014). Can Personality Predict Performance? Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/sebastianbailey/2014/07/08/can-personality-predict-performance/#11a74b5a5499 on 5 May 2017. Kalla, S. (2012). 10 Leadership Tips from Steve Jobs. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/susankalla/2012/04/02/10-leadership-tips-from-steve-jobs/#3ea5d9a3667f on 5 May 2017. Rothmann, S. Coetzer, E.P. (2003). THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND JOB PERFORMANCE. Retrieved from https://www.ianrothmann.com/pub/psyc_v29_n1_a9.pdf on 5 May 2017.

Cambridge University Essay Example For Students

Cambridge University Essay England is famous for its educational institutes. It has some of the most famous universities of the world like Oxford, Cambridge and London universities. The city of Cambridge is in the county of Cambridgeshire and is famous because it is the home of Cambridge University, one of the oldest and most prestigious universities of the world. The Cambridge City occupies an area of 16 square miles. It is 50 miles north of London and stands on the East Bank of the River Cam, and was originally a place where the river was crossed. Other than being the home of Cambridge University, Cambridge City itself is a very lively city. It provides a lot of entertainment such as Ballet, Opera, Drama, Music, and Film. The river is use mostly for pleasure of boating and punting. The Fitzwilliam Museum, the University Museum of Archaeology, and the University Museum of the Zoology are among the best of all museums in Europe. Foundation of Cambridge The foundation of Cambridge goes back to 11th century when Normans built a castle at River Cam. During Romans time, a small town situated just north of river in the Castle Hill area. The town was called Granata. Later on during the Saxon period, it was known as Grantabridge, which means Swampy River Bridge. The name later became Cantabridge and then by 14th century, Cambridge. Foundation of the University Of Cambridge The University of Cambridge was establish by religious groups like Franciscans and Dominicans in the early 12th century students from the Oxford University and Paris University left to study in Cambridge in the 13th century. The origin of the college is trace to the association of the students, distinctive form of religious affiliated groups, who began to reside in independent hostels, or halls. Later on some tension developed between the town people and students known as town and gown conflict. This conflict led to the establishment of the first college, Peterhouse in 1284 by Bishop of Ely. In 1318, Pope John XXII issued a bull recognizing Cambridge as a Stadium Generale, or a place of study; that is a University. The University Of Cambridge From Past To Present The university was basically established to study for religious purposes. It was one of the important centers of Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Some of the famous religious reformers like William Tyndale, Hugh Latimer and Thomas Cranmer were graduates of Cambridge. The students were mostly poor and indigent. The university had no demands for admission in those times. The Dutch Scholar Eramus went to Cambridge in 1511, bringing the new learning of the renaissance. In 1546, King Henry VIII founded Trinity, which remain the largest of the Cambridge colleges. As the humanistic method of teaching was replace by scholastic, it produced a group of scholars known as Cambridge Platonist, which included scientist like Isaac Barrow and Sir Isaac Newton. It was this period in which Mathematics and Natural Sciences became important subjects in the university, for which the University is still recognize. In the 19th century, the major change that took place was the establishment of the Girton College in 1873 for undergraduate women. Since then the university has been coeducational. In the 20th century, nine more colleges were established and the old colleges were expanded. Since 1914, the state aid has been granted to all the British Universities. The University of Cambridge is a system of faculties, department, and 31 independent colleges, but all are united in educational entity. Areas of study include the classics modern and medieval languages, history, mathematics economics and politics, chemistry, physics, engineering, law, medicine, divinity, architecture, and history of arts. The University of Cambridge library has more than 3 million volumes and receives a copy of every book published in Great Britain.