Pornification of culture

In a world where amazing technology has change our way of life, the issue of pornification of culture has become a common phenomenon among people in all over the world especially among youth. This issue has become serious when there are lots of social illnesses that occur among teenagers nowadays. The integration of the Internet along with sophisticated gadget that seems to become enhanced day by day in which we ourselves could not imagine of how superior it is in the future has changed the system of communication a lot and with these modern technologies, the oundaries across the countries and time are no longer becomes a matter to us.However, when our life turn out to be more easier and faster, some of us would often violate the purpose of these facilities as it bring disaster towards one's life when they involve with the popular culture that exists in todays fashion, music, games, etc. It is not an issue if those are used in a positive and correct ways, but to some extent people us ed them to get access to pornography and many other related issue which is sometimes can abuse the role of man as a vicegerent in this earth.It will also lead o numerous types of social problems and this natural process that happened should not be look upon lightly, hence urgent action need to be taken strictly and serious to overcome this new challenges. When dealing with the rising trend of pornification of culture across the world today, people from all cultural backgrounds including parents are very concerns towards their children particularly girls.We are facing a serious issue of increasing influences from popular culture and celebrity which sometimes portrays bad role models towards children as they are not matured enough to consider which is good o follow and which is bad to avoid. Some people in the west, for example, are extremely worried about the increasing pornographic elements in children's fashion (Feiler, 2013).The way fashion designers intend to create new fashions among children and teenagers is as if they would like them to expose themselves with sexualisation through the various types of clothes and pants which every parent are worried about. The hardest part is when the children are always rebel against their own parents because those fashions are become common and usual to them. Even the west are fear with this rising issue, what more if we are Muslims. Both the Muslims and non-Muslims today are beginning to realize that they have to work together to deal with this complex challenges.The concern is not Just only towards the children's fashion. Recently, Muslims and non-Muslims in Canada were united to join effort in protesting against the proposed plan to ban the wearing of religious garments that reflects the identity of their own religion. This shows that many people around the world understand the importance of religion in a modern world (New Straits Time, 2013). The probability of both sides working together may involve the ole of rel igion in everyday life.The need to defend their own identity has urged them to be united so that everyone has rights to voice out their concern about religion. Discussing on the religion, nowadays, people begin to accept the true practice of need of religion in their life to guide them along straight path. Teenagers particularly becomes attracted towards Islam because of the increasing number of young Imams who are able to preach the teaching of Islam and at the same time follow their lifestyle which is in conforms to the way of life of the teenagers.Even though Islam in America today still remains a minority religion, many people have realized the proper religious teaching to their children in order to encounter the problems among youths today (New Straits Time, 2013). The importance of having young Imams in the society is crucial at this time in order to prevent the decline of morality among teen and guide them if they have gone astray and involve with social problems.Their roles are needed because sometimes the nurture from parents are not enough as they are always busy with works and from the teaching of these Imams, it also helps to provide with mental along with spiritual aspect of life. Not only that, women nowadays also begins to involve with the society as they starting to realize that women in their societies are the key to solving serious social and moral problems like teenage pregnancies, alcoholism and religious extremism (Shulman, 2012).We cannot deny that the role of women these days are also as significant as the role of man because the women is needed to encounter problems faced by most of the girls teen and women adults as the approach of women to women gives more comfort. Besides, they also feel like this is the time to bring back the dignity of women and levate their status in society so that women will not be oppressed easily by man and their Justice should also be preserved. This is one of the ways in order to help solving the problems in volving teenagers which become serious with the issue of pornification of culture.In one of the Western countries, the issues of alcoholism have achieved the alert stage in which actions should be taken immediately. The consumption of alcohol or known as binge-drinking in Britain had risen the expenses related to health and also caused rising levels of death and diseases (The Star, 2012). As we already know, lcohol is one of the major cause for the social problems today because it can makes people drunk and they are not realize of what they are doing.Thus, from alcohol drinking only, people can involve in prostitution, pregnancy, rape, murder and etc. which is very common issue that we heard lately. Everyone involving the government should begin to do something and taken several steps to reduce the consumption of alcohol so that the major illness among teenagers will slowly decrease. It is also becomes everyone's role in order to help reducing the problems slowly so that the problem s in the society will not be prolonged to the future.

Reputation in Shakespeare’s Othello Essay

Reputation is what people think of you and it is a part of human nature. Nobody can dispute this fact whether they like it or not. To some, their reputation is a blessing because of positive attitudes towards them. To others, it can be an illness that they cannot cure. In William Shakespeare’s Othello, the characters of Iago, the two-faced character, Cassio, Othello’s lieutenant at the start, and Othello, the â€Å"Black Moor† and the protagonist of the play, show just how important one’s reputation can be. Iago’s reputation is an honest man and he used this to destroy others’ reputation. Othello has a changing reputation throughout the play. Cassio also has dramatically changing reputation. â€Å"I am not what I am† is a popular quote that Iago honestly says. In this play, Iago is a two-faced character. Iago’s persuasion is strong towards Othello and Cassio. He uses his good reputation as a weapon to destroy everyone’s reputation even though his reputation is the exact opposite of his true nature. This becomes evident when Othello describes Iago as â€Å"Honest Iago† and says â€Å"this fellow’s exceeding honesty†. Othello is under the impression that Iago is an honest man so he allows himself to be influenced by him and believes that he is trustworthy. Othello then believes him when he suggests that Desdemona is unfaithful to him regarding the fact that he does not know much about relationships and women. Iago also worked hard to destroy Cassio’s reputation by making him drink and making Othello believe that he is in love with Desdemona. Iago also tells us that he cares for his reputation by saying â€Å"Good name in man and woman†¦ But he that filches from me my good name robs me off that which not enriches him and makes me poor indeed† but then he tells Cassio and Othello that reputation is not important. â€Å"†¦there is more sense that than in reputation. Reputation is an idle and most false imposition†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"Men should be what they seem†. Without Iago’s honest reputation, he would not cause the death of Desdemona and ultimately Othello. Roderigo, a suitor of Desdemona, is the only character who knows the real Iago yet Iago kills him. O damned Iago. You inhuman dog! † is what Roderigo says before he dies. This is one of the lines that show his real nature. This shows us that our reputation does not have to be true to make it or plausible among others. Acting is a good way of manipulating others about our reputation. We can use it either for good or evil. In this case, Iago uses his reputation for his own advantage and for his evil plans. Cassio is an honest and loyal man. Unfortunately his reputation is thoroughly tarnished by Iago. Iago works very hard to damage Cassio’s reputation and Othello’s impression of him. He easily loses his position as Othello’s lieutenant and his reputation when Iago plans what might happen if he drinks. â€Å"Come, lieutenant, I have a stoup of wine; and here without a brace of Cyprus gallants that would fain have a measure to the health of black Othello. † Cassio is resisting but Iago is insisting. He still drinks because he believes that Iago is making an honourable gesture towards Othello and Desdemona. He also believes that Iago is loyal to his commander. Iago then tells Roderigo to attack Cassio by saying â€Å"How now, Roderigo! I pray you after the lieutenant go! †. Roderigo then follows Iago and then Cassio makes a brawl while Othello is having a good time. Othello then asks what happened then Iago informs him what happened. Othello then fires Cassio as his lieutenant. Cassio values his reputation. It is evident when he says that â€Å"Reputation, reputation, reputation†¦ I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Here we are shown that reputation is a human need. Good reputation prevents great public dismay. Also if you have a great reputation when you die, people will remember you meaning reputation lives longer that humans do. Good reputation also is harder to maintain than to break. It is simply fragile. Othello has a changing reputation throughout the play. Firstly we are shown a confident yet respectful man then a gullible man then a violent one until he becomes a murderer of an innocent person. From the lines â€Å"Most potent, grave and reverend signiors†¦Ã¢â‚¬  comes a person with great respect over people with greater power over him. He shows humility and respect while he is speaking and this earns him a great reputation even though he is a black man in a white people community. He also says â€Å"She loved me for the wars I fought†¦Ã¢â‚¬  around the last part of the speech meaning that the audience should see him as a hero. â€Å"This fellow’s of exceeding honesty† comes a person with a flaw, his gullibility. In here we see the irony and how he starts to trust Iago more than his beloved Desdemona. We also see that he lacks knowledge in marriage and women. He disregards himself as black and old which he thinks are the reasons why Desdemona is unfaithful to him. In the scene where Othello slaps Desdemona in front of everyone we are shown that Othello is a violent husband and not a gentleman. From here on we see how the reputation of Othello changes dramatically. â€Å"Lie with her! Lie on her! †¦ Pish! Noses, ears and lips. Is’t possible? / Confess? † is a prose that shows a man at its lowest. This quote conveys agitation and his use of questions suggests insecurity. His fractured sense of self is conveyed through the syntax. Here we see that people with great reputation from the start can possibly experience a great breakdown in their reputation. We see how flaws beat good reputation. In the end, we learn that even heroes can just be naive and gullible who can have so many flaws. The theme of reputation in Othello plays a very important role in the play. It is evident on how Iago uses his reputation to ruin others like Cassio and Othello. Reputation is what keeps people living through the ages. Having a good reputation gives us power to easily manipulate and persuade people but if we do that, karma may come to us like what happened to Iago, death. Applying the reputation in the play to the present, someone’s good reputation is hard to rebuild because it is hard to change people thoughts about you. Reputation is harder to maintain that to break.

Computerized Payroll System Essay

INTRODUCTION Technological advances in the past few decades have greatly increased the competitive nature of the economic business world. Companies have used software, computers and the Internet to transform their businesses from local places of business to national and global market competitors. Many companies have responded to these changes by automating their business processes and capturing industry-related information and using it to their advantage. Technology has also forced businesses to remain flexible, adapting their operations to newer and better technological advances. Payroll system is the sum of all financial records of salaries for an employee, wages, bonuses and deductions. In accounting, payroll refers to the amount paid to employees for services they provided during a certain period of time. Because money was involved company convert their payroll into a computerized to provide accurate result and to finish the work in no time. The manager is not aware of the time of admission o f the employee because of this, the manager can’t compute accurately of what time the employee enter. Therefore it is necessary to have an automated timekeeping system. Today’s automated timekeeping technology is a powerful resource for businesses, both large and small. It is designed to offer exceptional convenience, and to substantially improve profit margins by reducing the cost of labour. Many companies that are considering an automated timekeeping system are motivated primarily by the convenience it provides. However, what is often overlooked is exactly how much companies save by tracking their employees with an automated solution. An integrated and automated timekeeping approach will not only pay for itself year-after-year, but will also return immense savings. It is therefore a great advantage if the proposed computerized payroll system with automated timekeeping is applied. It would greatly help the manager to monitor his employee if there are always late and it easily to compute for the salary of each employee. Applying the computerized payroll system will give much m ore accurate computation of the salary. 1.1Statement of the problem General Problem How to develop a Computerized Payroll System and Timekeeping Monitoring with Fingerprint Technology for the Municipality of Kawit? Specific Problems †¢How to develop a module that will compute the employee’s salary? The Human Resource Management Officer 4 will compute the salary based on the timekeeping of the employee. They use MS Excel in computing the salary, even though they use MS Excel they need to input all the necessary information needed for the computation. It is prone to typographical errors and can be easily manipulated. †¢How to develop a module that will generate essential reports? Preparation of reports such as payslip, payroll summary and government reports they use MS Word and MS Excel. It is a very tedious process in the part of the accounting personnel and again prone to typographical errors and miscalculations. †¢How to provide a module that will be able to monitor the time –in /out of the employee? The organization is currently using Bundy Clock to monitor the attendance of employees. But it didn’t literally track the attendance because it easy for the employee to fake the records. 1.2 Overview of the Current State of the Technology Presently, all employee start at 8:00 AM and ends at 5:00 PM. The company uses Bundy clock in logging in and out of their employees. From Monday to Friday, at 8:00 am, the HR collects the time card to ascertain the present headcount of the company. The purpose of checking is for verification of the employee’s attendance. The employee should inform the company before 7am in filing absence. The employee must report to his respective supervisor if he is late for information thus it will be deducted to his salary. If the employee forgot to log-in then the HR will decide what to do to that employee. The HR or Human Resource Management is the one who prepares the salary of the employees. HR also collects the time card from the storage and also checks if the employee time in and time out, afterwards the HR will give the time card to the accountant. The Accountant will compute the salary and deductions then the accountant will give it to the treasurer to prepare the vouchers for each employee and prepares the budget for the salary, and then the treasurer will give it to the Municipal Mayor, the one who will approve the budget releasing; afterwards the HR will ensure the cheque for the withdrawal of the budget. Their cut-off is every 10th and 25th of the  month. After the cut-off period the attendance of the employee resumes, if there will be absences and late for the permanent worker it will be deducted in the vacation leave while the casual worker if there are absences and late it will be deducted to their salary. If they didn’t log-out for a day, it will be considered as under time. For permanent employee it will be deducted to their vacation leave. For every employee they have 15 vacation and sick leave. In applying vacation leave the employee must file the request 10 days before the leave. In applying sick leave the employee must provide a medical certificate if he is absent for more than three days while if he is absent for 1 to 3 days he can go back to work without providing a medical certificate. 2.1Proposed Research Project 2.1.1General Objectives To provide and develop a Computerized Payroll System and Time Keeping with Fingerprint technology that will improve the current Payroll System and Time Keeping of Municipality of Kawit. 2.1.2Specific Objectives †¢To develop a module that will compute the employee’s salary. The proponents will develop a module that will compute the salary of every employee accurately based on the integrated timekeeping of the employee. †¢To develop a module that is able to generate essential reports. The proponents will develop a module that will be able to generate reports such as daily time Reports (serves as replacement to the time card), contribution reports based on the record of the employee †¢To provide a module that will be able to monitoring time –in /out of the employee. The system will automatically monitor and record the attendance of the employee by fingerprint technology so that the employee must time –in/out by themselves unlike previously it can fake the records. 2.2.3 Scope and Limitations 2.2.3.1 Scope This study is about the coverage of the proposed payroll system and timekeeping. It covers the following qualification. File maintenance Module Employee file module – includes all information about the employee such as fingerprint of the employee, work schedule, position, department, and basic  information. Includes adding, updating and archiving employee records Department file module – includes the organization department and department code Transactions Salary Computation – The system will compute salary base on employee’s attendance and contribution. 13th Month Pay – A module for employee’s that are acceptable for 13th month pay. All employees that will work until the end of the year will receive the 13th month pay. Agency contribution – includes the deducted fee for the government agency such as GSIS, PAG-IBIG, Philhealth and withholding tax. Employee leave – includes the employee’s leave such as vacation leave, sick leave Employee Loan- includes all employee’s information such as load type, loan amount etc Other Deductions and Earnings – a module that includes other deduction and earning such as bonuses or other incentives. Reports Payslip – contain all information about the employee’s salary and deduction. GSIS Contribution Reports – Reports that contains employee’s total contribution per month for GSIS. PhilHealth Contribution Reports – Reports that contains employee’s total contribution per month for PhilHealth. Pag-big Contribution Reports – reports that contains employee’s total contribution per month for Pag – Ibig BIR/Withholding Tax Report – reports that contains employee’s total tax for a month. Payroll Summary Report – -reports that contains information about employee’s payroll. Daily Time Reports – reports that contain the attendance of the employee’s. Serve as an alternative to the time card of the Bundy Clock Leave form – a blank leave form for leave request. System Security Password- for security purposes that only the administrator and the HR knows the password. Administrator Level – have the full access on the system.  HRMO Level – can only access the attendance and monitor the leaves and absence of the employee. Accountant Level – can only access the transaction and the computation of the employee’s salary and the one that sets the computation in the option. Audit trail- serves as additional security that  measure all the login activities using the system, it will logged into the table including the username, time, date, and the task done. Timekeeping Fingerprint Technology – module that uses fingerprint technology for timekeeping Numeric Keypad Module – Module that uses numeric keypad technology that serves as an alternative if the fingerprint technology having technical problems. Timekeeping Entry– module that manually input the employee’s attendance, it serves as a back-up for the system. Back-up and Recovery The system has backup capabilities allowing the user to create a backup of the database which will be stored on secondary storage devices. It will also automatically back-up every cut off. If the program file of the payroll system are damage or corrupted there will be a duplicate copy either on the CD or secondary hard disk. Limitation The study is limited and focused only in the payroll system and the timekeeping monitoring of the organization however its capability is limited and cannot do the following task: †¢Employees are subjected to have only 2 accounts in regards to timekeeping (time-in and time-out). †¢Only employees that work in the municipality building are included in the proposed payroll system. An employee working outside the municipality is not required to time in and time out in the municipality. †¢In case of power failure, the attendance of the employee will record temporarily on a log book until the power come back. The data gathered on the log book will be transferred to the computerized system. Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework 2.1 Introduction Information System (IS) implemented within an organization for the purpose of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of that organization. Capabilities of the information system and characteristics of the organization, its work systems, its people, and its development and  implementation methodologies together determine the extent to which that purpose is achieved. Transaction Processing System (TPS) is a type of information system. Transaction Processing System collects, store, retrieve and modifies data that stored in an information system of an organization. Transaction processing system guarantees immediate action to negotiations made by persons and companies involved. It ensures a smooth flow of transaction, isolating particular transactions that have no credible assurance of the collected data’s authenticity A theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated concepts and provides definitions of relationships between all the variables. Theoretical framework helps researchers to determine problem areas, research questions that need to be addressed and the methodology in which helps to find an answer to the research questions. 2.2 Time Keeping Timekeeping is the monitoring of attendance of employee in time! A timekeeper is an instrument or person that measures the passage of time; in the case of the latter, often with the assistance of a clock or stopwatch. In addition, the timekeeper records time, time taken, or time remaining during events such as sports matches. They can then make operational decisions to increase productivity and reduce labor costs. 2.3 Fingerprint Technology Fingerprint technology refers to the automated method of verifying a match between two human fingerprints. Fingerprints are one of many forms of biometrics used to identify individuals and verify their identity. 2.4 Payroll System A computerized payroll calculates and tracks employee salaries, wages, bonuses, tax withholdings, and deductions. It prints employee pay checks, provides reports to better manage employee pay records, and generates complete weekly, monthly, quarterly, and annual payroll tax-related forms and reports. It is also used in automating and providing timely and accurate payroll processing for all types of employees. The computerized payroll is designed to process all types of payroll transactions for the purpose of computing and paying employees hence, computerization makes generating  payroll a much simpler and quicker process than if trying to perform these duties manually.

Marketing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Paper - Essay Example The products are procured from manufacturers at a discounted rate in comparison to price determined by manufacturers for offering those goods to local retailers. Contextually, it has been aimed to conduct a product launch in the emerging market of China with the motive of improving the international market exposure of made-in-America products and to enhance profitability of the club. The developing economy in China will assist the club in performing its business operations in an effective manner. The discussion will emphasize the recognition of media used for marketing American products in the market of China. Moreover, pricing strategies are required to be formulated for developing better competitiveness of the products in China and America. Furthermore, an analysis is also needed to be performed for understanding the reasons for penetrating the market of China. Reasons Behind Choosing the Market of China The market trends of China are developing in a drastic manner and there has be en an increased demand for good quality products due to the enlargement in the number of customers. China possesses the second largest economy worldwide and there is an upward increase in the buying behavior of people in China. Moreover, consumers of products and services in China consider value relating to quality, reliability and features to be the most important aspects among products or services which are to be acquired. Furthermore, consumers in China are considered to be flexible and conscious and with the development of technology, behavior of consumers in China has changed as they are becoming more inclined to obtain better innovative products or services. These changes in the buying pattern of consumers have facilitated China to be regarded as an emerging market worldwide. The changes in the market trend of China has also attracted investment from international organizations along with attracting multinational corporations (MNCs) for conducting business operations in this b ooming economy of China (The American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai, 2012). The market size of the Chinese market has increased to a great extent owing to the continued growth in the economy and due to the increase in the number of consumers. The positive market conditions in China have attracted a lot of foreign investments and have drawn a few MNCs to operate in China, which has improved the growth and size of the market. The developed economy and favorable market conditions will assist national and international companies in performing business operations in a more effective manner and will also aid companies in enhancing profitability. All these conditions will assist AGW Club in conducting business operations in a more effective manner. Moreover, blooming economic conditions in China and the changing buying trend of consumers will facilitate the club to perform effectively and with profitability. All these favorable market conditions and trends are the factors responsible for selecting the market of China. SWOTT A SWOTT analysis has been performed for understanding the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and trends of China. The SWOTT analysis will also assist in recognizing the various aspects of China. Strengths The economic condition of China has been prospering over

Invasive Species Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Invasive Species - Essay Example Invasive species in certain regions are assumed to threaten the rest of the ecosystem especially those species which have became extinct. It so happens when any specie increases in population it declines the chances of growth for the others. However, this is an assumption as there is no data or researched hypothesis to support these assumptions; extinct species become scarce due to miscellaneous biodiversity factors and due to these their population starts declining in their native regions. Some researchers consider that human interference in the ecosystem has caused this disrupt, either directly or indirectly. Similarly, when ecologist harvested certain species in a foreign environment it also disrupted the biodiversity of the area and numerous species as well. It cannot be exactly claimed what became the cause of threat for extinct species, but there are many unknown factors to humans about the environment and biodiversity of life on Earth. Brown tree snake of Guam is one of the ex ample, which the author discusses in the article. Yet, it is imperial to study the impact of exotic plants, invasive predators and pathogens in a foreign environment as their nourishment and existence will depend on numerous factors in the new environment.Conclusively, it is significant to research, plan, protect, and preserve the extinct species in their native and natural environment as new regions will impact on their growth in an unknown manner and that cannot be ascertained by humans in a rapid manner.

Monetary Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Monetary Economics - Essay Example Monetary Economic growth is generally thought of as one-dimensional and is measured by increase in income. Monetary Economic development involves structural and functional changes and appropriate system of money supply. In the absence of effective measures of the latter however, states of development are estimated by the growth of income. Ordinarily, levels of income and rates of increase are given on a per capita basis, to approximate measures of efficiency and welfare (Shin, 2005, 1117). There are broadly three periods in the early history of monetary economic thought. The first is the period of early industrialisation in Europe, the second is the period of industrial revolution in England, i.e. the period from about 1775 to 1832, and the third period falls in the third quarter of the nineteenth century when other countries like Germany and the United States began to catch up with Britain and finally overtook it as the leading industrial power of the world. But monetary economic development as a discipline comprising systematic and scientific study may be said to have developed over the last few decades (Hahn, 2001). According to Malthus, as long as the wage level is above a certain minimum w0/ population tend to grow very rapidly. Since the actual w never rises above w0/ any short-run increase of the wage is sufficient to provoke a large enough upsurge in population to bring the wage down to a minimum level. Thus, if once the whole world were inhabited, population would increase in an arithmetic ratio as resources do, and not show a tendency of increasing in a geometric ratio, and then there would be progress. But this progress would consist of a proportional increase in the total quantity of capital and the total number of workers. There would be no increase in the standard of living since by hypothesis, every increase in the living standards, i.e.

Roles of Psychiatric Nurses in Mental Health Nursing Essay

Roles of Psychiatric Nurses in Mental Health Nursing - Essay Example At the same time, some contemporary cultures are more tolerant, and their beliefs suggest that family and community members are keys to the care and treatment of the mentally ill. The impact of longstanding beliefs and values on care provision: Mental health nurses are from the population, and before being mental health nurses, they were lay people. Therefore, it is very likely that the beliefs and values about mental health deeply ingrained in societies would be carried forward in the nurses, unless they acquire mental health literacy. It is ironical that while amongst the nurses, the importance of health literacy in terms of physical health is well recognised, even among them, the area of mental health literacy is comparatively ignored. Prejudice, stereotyping, and stigma of the healthcare professionals in the psychological health field has influenced care traditionally, mainly because of the fact that those are difficult to change, and if this occurs in the mental health nurses, would influence the care outcome. When nurses understand different cultures as they relate to individual feelings and motivations, they will be better equipped to adapt mental health care to the backgrounds and lifestyles of their clients. It is a matter of growing concern and an important issue in delivery of mental health care in the Australian Healthcare System. According to the DHS (1998) one of the roles of the psychiatric nurse is to have an awareness of stigma and the ability to challenge their beliefs, thoughts, attitudes, and bias about mental disorder. It is required by the standards of practice to implement this changing "attitude" of the nurses into practice to eliminate discrimination in practice, and therefore, "Reflecting on practice, feelings and beliefs and the consequences of these for individuals/groups is an important professional benchmark" (ANMC, 2006). Nursing care of people with psychiatric illnesses and emotional problems very frequently are more complex because of cultural differences between the nurses' and patients' backgrounds and cultural heritages. It is important for nurses to understand clearly the thinking and perspectives of other cultures and groups, especially to which their clients belong. Because treating mental disorders is intertwined with peoples' attitudes about themselves, their beliefs, values, and ways of interacting with their families and communities, it is crucial that psychiatric nurses be culturally competent in their practice. The awareness about these factors leads to knowledge and alteration of beliefs about mental disorders in nurses, and this alteration would aid the recognition, better management, and efficient prevention of these disorders. This awareness has several components including the ability to recognise specific disorders or different types of psychological distress, knowledge and beliefs about risk factors and causes, knowledge and beliefs about interventions, and attitudes that facilitate recognition and offer help. Poor knowledge about mental illness and negative attitude towards patients suffering from mental illness is widespread among the mental health workers including nurses. Educational interventions can reduce stigma, and as noted earlier, stigmatizing opinions are not related to knowledge. Mental health

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27

Leadership - Essay Example This action was obviously unfair and created low morale that significantly affected job satisfaction, motivation, productivity and performance of the greater number of personnel employed by the organization. The authoritarian leader exemplifies an autocratic style of leadership where the leader relies primarily on their manifested power and authority within the organization to get things done. An example is a leader in a manufacturing company who dictates to the followers the activities and strategies that are to be done and implemented in ways that have been clearly and explicitly defined by the leader. The participative leader, on the other hand, encourages team work, participation and collaboration among members of the organization, whose contributions are seen as instrumental in achieving identified goals. Using the manufacturing organization as an example, the participative leader would solicit inputs and comments from his subordinates in process or operations that could be improved based on the professional opinion of his colleagues. (materials, man, money) are owned by the organization and their roles as leaders is to be manage, govern, administer effective utilization of these resources to maximize potentials and to minimize costs. An example of this style of leadership is one who looks after all the resources of the organization and, as entrusted by the owners, the leader sees to it that potentials for utilization of these resources are optimized and maximized to generate the most effective profits with the least costs. Finally, servant leadership was premised on putting all other facets of the organization first rather than his own. An example is a leader who â€Å"devote themselves to serving the needs of organization members, focus on meeting the needs of those they lead, develop employees to bring out the best in them, coach others and encourage their self-expression, facilitate personal growth in

Reaction Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reaction Journal - Essay Example The arrest of Eugene V. Debs is reminiscent of authoritarian governments which Americans now criticize in other global regimes, such as China. However, this had a positive consequence: the formation of the American Civil Liberties Union. ‘The Roaring Twenties’ appears to be a misnomer! Economic prosperity was concentrated in big business, but did not extend to the agricultural sector or rural area. Public support for the Ku Klux Klan, the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, the National Origins Act of 1924, lynching, and the banning of interracial marriages indicated an upsurge in racism. Christian fundamentalism raised its head. Perhaps it assumed a connotation of general well-being, because it was sandwiched between the World War 1 and the Great Depression. Ironically, the New Deal failed to satisfy the privileged class (who resented the higher taxes imposed on them), critics in the Democratic Party (Huey P. Long declared that it failed to do enough for the poor), or the Republican opposition (Senator Taft condemned it for its socialist stance, deficit spending and its attack on private enterprise). The AAA’s destruction of ‘surplus’ agricultural production (during a period of acute food scarcity!) and discrimination against blacks, debase the New Deal.3 President Roosevelt’s ‘Four Freedoms’ – freedom of speech and worship, and freedom from want and fear, was accepted American ideology, but contradicted and undermined by racism. It is tragic to read Foner’s account of the government â€Å"bending over backward to accommodate German-Americans and Italian-Americans in the war effort† but â€Å"viewing every person of Japanese ethnicity as a potential spy†4. The meaning of ‘freedom’ was controversial during the 1950’s. The Cold War identified freedom with anti-communism: racially segregationist South Africa was part of the ‘Free World’ merely because

The Brief Outline for Ancient Greece History Essay

The Brief Outline for Ancient Greece History - Essay Example These periods are the Early, Middle, Late and Final Neolithic periods. The Early Neolithic (EN) period was characterized by three new features that set it apart from the period it followed. Those characteristics included; 1) the appearance of domestic sheep and goats 2) the appearance of gardens of wheat, barley and lentil 3) and the appearance of polished stone tools and a substantial increase in grinding stones. It is also known as the period of time when pottery first made its appearance in ancient Greece. The pottery and pottery fragments that have been discovered from that era seem to show that the pottery was not used for cooking or cleaning (holding water) but was instead used as status systems on display. This period is also marked as the time when ritual burials first are evidenced. In fact, an infant's burial from that era is the first one discovered with any "wealth" at all buried at the same time. The wealth included a half a pottery jar and a small footed vessel. The Middle Neolithic (MN) does not differ much from the EN except that the pottery being made has now been glazed and there is evidence that the potters have learned how to 'fire' the pottery at higher temperatures and at larger quantities. In the Final Neolithic (FN) period once again (... The Middle Neolithic (MN) does not differ much from the EN except that the pottery being made has now been glazed and there is evidence that the potters have learned how to 'fire' the pottery at higher temperatures and at larger quantities. Wild grape plants appear in the Late Neolithic (LN) period and potters have now discovered how to change their glaze from an iron-based one to a manganese-based product. In the Final Neolithic (FN) period once again (as compared to the MN period) shows burials of adults and infants and like the MN the adults are not as extravagant as the infants appear to be. Many experts believe that the FN is just an extension of the LN. (Ancient n.d.). The next major period of time in ancient Greece is known as the Early Bronze Age (2900 -2000). This period of time is known as when metallurgy was introduced, especially tools, ceremonial objects and weapons that were constructed of bronze. The Bronze Age civilization is known by different titles throughout Greece but the most common was the Early Minoan period named after the king Minos. There are a number of difficulties associated with the establishing the differences in the Early Minoan period compared to the Neolithic period which immediately preceded it. Many of the artefacts from this era were excavated in the early 1900's and the techniques at that time were not as advanced as what they are now. Many of the artefacts were mishandled or not recorded in an orderly way. One of the aspects that the Early Minoan is known for the introduction of the jug shape of pottery and for plenty of painted wares. The Minoan period which followed next actually began about 1700 BC in Crete. Here the Minoan’s established a culture and city that was very advanced and very efficient.  Ã‚  

Fallacy of work-life balance and video Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fallacy of work-life balance and video - Essay Example It is actually a very short discourse that only took Friedman about one minute to deliver orally. The disparities between the two mediums of communication could be evaluated in terms of the impact to the audience; the clarity within which the message was sent; the ability to emphasize some points; and the overall effectiveness in understanding the message that was originally intended to be relayed. The video presentation accorded the audience with the opportunity to see or visualize the author as he relayed the information or contents verbally. The author delivered the message in a manner where he seemed to be relaying the information to another person, someone he was looking at (and not the audience). His face was actually positioned not directly to the audience; but somewhat skewed to the right where he seemed to be looking a person or the camera which was positioned accordingly. However, the video presentation accorded the audience with verbal cues that enhanced or highlighted some portions of his message through the manner of speech: pausing between phrases or sentences; mov ements of his head; changes in posture (slight shifts in his seating position); and modulation of his voice or tone that assisted in conveying the appropriate message. With the written discourse, the information could also be clearly understood. However, the intensity of stressing some points could not have been properly established, since it would depend on the readers’ competencies to effectively understand. For instance, this narrative discourse would be comprehended differently between a reader with a high school level, as compared to that of a university graduate, or a professional. Likewise, readers from diverse cultural, ethnic or racial background whose native language is not English could have some challenges in comprehending the message accurately. In addition, the readers could have just breezed

The Chronicle of Higher Education Essay Example for Free

The Chronicle of Higher Education Essay As I stare at the computer I sometimes wonder whether it is staring back at me also. Every word that I type on the keyboard of my computer comes up letter by letter on the screen that I am staring at. Pictures come to life in front of me and they make me cry, laugh and hate. I wake up every morning and turn my computer on. Hours can pass by and I am totally unaware of it. Instead I am immersed into a world of dungeons and dragons, flying cars and spaceships. My computer makes me a God. I create cities and worlds on my computer. I can create a world where there is no pain and suffering, a Nirvana. My computer gives me my own private paradise where I can forget all about my earthly problems. My computer owns me. The technological advancements that come up every hour, every minute, and every second make me fear what new thing will come up next. What will my computer be able to do next? Will it stand up from the table where it rests and come to my bed to wake me up and ask me to play with it? Will the next generation computers be so fast that it will be humans that will require the next upgrade in order to catch up with them? Will I be forced to do my computers homework or do its research for it because it has become so much smarter than me, that I am useless without it? I am glad and grateful for the technological developments that we have right now, the computer especially. There are so many things that I would be unable to do without the aid of computers. I can no longer imagine doing any report or presentation without the help of my trusted computer. A simple paper like this, to be done by hand, would be unthinkable for me. My brain ceases to function once I turn my computer off. I feel that there is a wire somewhere that is connected to the computer and that all thought is derived from the computer. At this point technology becomes a scary concept. I fear that the whole world would come to a stop if the computers would fail for some reason because that is how dependent we have become on technology. The threat of the Millennium Bug sent Tremors into every household and business empire throughout the world. People took all of their money from their accounts and dug shelters in the ground stocked up wall to wall with the necessities to prepare for the Millennium Bug. Billions of dollars were spent to try and prevent computers all over the world from crashing. Governments spent countless hours creating back up plans if the Millennium Bug did indeed hit. The world held their breath on New Years Eve not because they were thrilled about the coming of the Millennium but because everyone was in anticipation to as to whether everything that we did prevented the coming of the Millennium Bug. WE prevented nothing. There was no Millennium Bug. It was a product of our schizophrenic imagination to create such a monster that would bring upon us the end of days; a product of our fears that we cannot live without technology. I am not an advocate of technology as my paper suggests. Instead I am throwing caution in the wind and am suggesting that we use technology with caution and prevent the creation of a society that is not dependent upon technology to live. To be able to live without worrying about technology failing you, to be able to create a report without worrying about what to do when your computers freezes or a blackout happens. References: Fretcher, H. G. (2000); Power up, Don’t Power Down: Barring students form cell phones, my space, and other communication technologies. Once they enter, the classroom is the wrong approach. A better move would be integrating. Those tools into instructions; The journal (Technological Horizons in Education), Vol. 33 Luke, A. D. (2005); Getting the big picture; community science. Methods that capture context; American journal of community psychology Vol. 35. Rees, William E. (1999). Life in the Lap of Luxury as Ecosystems Collapse. The Chronicle of Higher Education, XLV (47), B4–B5 Goldman, S. , Cole, K. Syer, C. (1999). The technology/content dilemma. Paper presented at The Secretary’s Conference on Educational Technology 1999. [on-line] Available: www. ed. gov/technolology/techConf/1999/whitepapers/paper4. html (retrieved March 14, 2008)

Overview On Schizophrenia: Disorder Of The Mind

Overview On Schizophrenia: Disorder Of The Mind Schizophrenia has plagued humankind since the early centuries. The bible mentions of paranoia and manic rage in several books, but personally, my favorite is found in the book of Psalms. He who dwells in the shelter of the Most High will abide in the shadow of the Almighty. I will say to the Lord, My refuge and my fortress, my God, in whom I trust. For he will deliver you from the snare of the fowler and from the deadly pestilence. He will cover you with his pinions, and under his wings, you will find refuge; his faithfulness is a shield and buckler. You will not fear the terror of the night, nor the arrow that flies by dayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Ps. 91: 1-16, ESV). The importance of treatment options and research are unparallel to this disorder. One may ask, If this disorder carries a long history, then how common is the disorder in todays populations? The commonality of schizophrenia boggles the healthcare and research community. Diagnosis and the mandated criteria in which the disorder is understood is puzzling. The disorder itself is complex but common, even in the elder community. The rates of schizophrenia continue to climb and now even crossing over to late adult hood. Matter of fact, it is estimated that one in twenty-five people are diagnosed with some form of mental disorder in their lifetime. With odds such as this, it is vital for our medical, psychological, and spiritual community to be sensitive and consistent in teaching the world what a mental illness is and does to those that suffer. Within the medical and psychological community, it is common to see both words, mental illness, and disorder to mean the same thing. Matsumoto Juang (2008) describe a mental illness as a form of abnormality (p. 283). The best way to understand schizophrenia is through the knowledge from the medical community about the physical make up and definition of the illness. Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, disabling brain disease (Mental Health America, 2009). Schizophrenia is characterized and known to cause à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦gross distortions of reality; withdrawal from social interaction; and disorganization of perception and thought (Carson, Butcher Colman, 1988, p. 322). The disease does not know just one race, one cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦actually schizophrenia is world wide, across all continents. A prime example of the cross culture studies performed on schizophrenia patients comes from The World Health Organization (WHO; 1973, 1981). The organization sponsored the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (IPSS) to compare the risk and symptoms of the illness on a worldwide level.  The disease has distinct, unbiased symptoms (WHO, 1979). Therefore, the idea that there is a specific demographic to this disorder is incorrect. The diagnostic features of the disorder are wide and tend to give therapists and doctor a pathway to diagnosis. Some of the  direct symptoms, which we will discuss later in the essay, but a snapshot of them include  hallucinations, instability, hearing of voices and most common disorganized speech. Each symptom, studied throughout many different cultures and race have commonality. To determine if a person has schizophrenia, several industry standard evaluations and processes exist. Most people today recognize schizophrenia as a mentalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦disorder (Yarhouse et al., 2005, p. 252). The testing process of schizophrenia, much like other mental disorders of psychosis, remains somewhat the same. The first and foremost step in diagnose of schizophrenia is an exhausted assessment. Treatment plans included are individual therapy, behavior and cognitive therapy, and lastly pharmapsychology (the admistration of medication by a psychiatrist). Schizophrenia has the label cognitive disorder; however, it affects other things such as emotions, daily life, and speech. Being that patients with the disorder have disorganized speech and instability in their lives, the psychology community performs worldwide studies on different aspects of the disorder. An academically claimed study is the 2009 study of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia patients performed from Hanuskiewicz, Chechnicki, et al. Within Hanuskiewiczs assessment he performed a study of normal speech rates and understanding, referred in the study as verbal fluency (Hanuszkiewicz, Cechnicki, et al., pp. 27-34) effects those with  schizophrenia, and drops dramatically with the age of the disorder. The fluency tests of Hanuszkieicz and party ranged from (sd=4.87)  for leisure fluency and  (sd=5.99) for living situation fluency in speech. The levels were significant in establishing a just cause that verbal skills and/or speech are a major cognitive concern with the schizophrenia patients from all parts of the world. Schizophrenia is often a debate on diagnosis due to the lack of understanding in the creativity that some with this disorder are blessed. Batey and Furnham (2009) discuss the relationship between what they refer to as Schizotypy (2009), creativity vs. intelligence. Schizotypy refers to an individuals proneness to psychosis and in particular, to schizophrenia (Batey, and Furman, 2009, p. 273). The measures of this study consist of fluency and divergent thinking, and the outcome was one that might set a standard for the need too not solely rely on psychology testing for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The study proved that creativity in people with schizophrenia scores higher then intelligence. This means even if someone is not intelligent, they may still be creative enough to alter testing with tests such as fluency, as seen in this article. Psychopathology stresses that psychosis (a basis for schizophrenia) as a persons loss of reality. Psychopathology sides with the diathesis-stress model. According to Yarhouse et al., this model states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦environment and stress endured changes bring on schizophrenia type symptoms (2005, p. 395). Currently 2.5 million American struggles with schizophrenia! This devastating disorder remains a top priority of the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2000). The APA claims à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦schizophrenia to be the ultimate form of psychological breakdown (2000). According to research (Butcher, Mineka and Hookey, 2004) approximants, that 1 percent of the entire adult population in every culture and every type of community is affected with schizophrenia. However, other research (Comer, 2003) observes the acuteness to be larger and more significant in poverty-stricken cultures. Either way, schizophrenia is here and very pronounced in our communities and populations throughout the world. Gender to the contrary is about equal. Men however, tend to have more severe symptoms than women do. In addition, men show signs of schizophrenia breakdown much sooner. Women on the other hand show what is known in the psychology understanding as, late on-set (Yarhouse, et al., 2005, p. 391). This is the age after the age of forty-four and normally before the age of sixty-seven. Although both men and women show forms of late on-set, due to the fact of women showing later signs they are the most popular population for this form. Going back to the diagnostic features of schizophrenia, there are important criteria necessary for accurate diagnoses. Thought and expression (both verbal and non-verbal) usually lack. The person also lacks the basic logical skills and beliefs, and is most often delusional and/or experiencing hallucinations. Hallucinations are the primary disturbance for schizophrenia. Along with the lack of motor skills and interest in every day life, these are schizophrenia basics. That is one reason that most people with schizophrenia have comorbidity (a cross between being able to have a diagnosis of multiple disorders). Depression and personality disorders tie close with schizophrenia. Depression and schizophrenia are both psychological disorders, and often a person will face both disorders simultaneously. The depression would of course require a long-term (over one year) stretch to be considered as more than just the blues. To help with comorbidital understanding, Schizophrenia symptoms are grouped into three main categories, Positive, negative, and psychomotor (Yarhouse et al., 2005, p. 257). Positive shows gradual decline of speech and an increase of hallucinations and delusion. This is the first sign of something wrong psychotically. Negative includes lack of personality and temperament. Where as the psychomotor symptoms deal with the decrease of physical activity and is normally a later concern or symptom. The progression is normally the same for everyone stricken with schizophrenia. Treatment of schizophrenia is highly unlikely due to a few reasons. The first and most widely misdirected is the cost of healthcare, especially mental health care. With a deficit in our country and many third world countries lacking funds, this is a major problem. This is followed by the lack of highly skilled-trained psychologist and therapy personnel. Mental health facilities do not always hire the best options for their patients, and most times rely on aids vs. the educated staff necessary for proper treatment of their patients. Although this is better than the treatment provided in the early 50s and 60s, which was lockdown in local and state mental hospitals, it is still not up to par. Furthermore should a person get past their local doctor, and into a therapist/psychiatrist then there would be a hope. There are wonderful options of treatment, but the plans are somewhat disorganized and not patient directed. Budget tends to take front row seat, and this is very unfortunate to all involved. One current option of treatment for schizophrenia that is often easier to access for all is individual or group counseling. This referral can come from a general doctor, and does not require any major loopholes. Although this treatment option is less proven, it remains. The main moved of treatment for schizophrenia remains to be pharmapsychology. A recent form of medication labeled as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦atypical antipsychotic medication (Yarhouse, et al., 2005, p. 264), is widely accepted. These medications produce fewer side affects compared to past pharmapsychology options. Even so, pharmapsychology alone is not as accurate as the blend of both therapy and medication. Medication is considered necessary, but should not be a sole option for those that suffer. A favorite treatment plan personally involves a low dose (to experiences less or no side affects) and integration community and government programs. Along with pastoral programs, since schizophrenia patients are often diagnosed later in life, their denial and offense run high and require a spiritual or structured caring attitude. Community and pastoral programs are crucial. Agreeable, this type of honor and understanding, along with medication might prove to be the best option yet, and remains my personal choice. Another important treatment option or need is prevention and education. Some research has changed the over all view and medical needs and understandings of schizophrenia, but the treatments that are most widely accepted remain the same. It is through twin-to-twin studies and violence studies schizophrenia specific needs become known. In the case of certain twins, if one develops the illness, there is a 50% chance that the other twin will develop schizophrenia. The amazing fact is that the average public has only a small chance of having this illness. Research, even though lacking, remains pronounced. There are major research firms for the disease, one of them being the NARSAD, The Brain and Behavior Research Fund. This foundation continues to fight for an understanding of schizophrenia and actively performs case studies on twin-to-twin and single patients. They are also proud sponsors of the book called  Divided Minds: Twin Sisters and Their Journey Through Schizophrenia (Spiro, 2005). Twin studies have a major influence on schizophrenia and the research that surrounds the illness, and continue to prove that genetics is just as powerful in the understanding of the illness. Future studies of schizophrenia hope too also pinpoint physical causes to the environment. Another research area of schizophrenia is violence. As mentioned earlier, sometimes violence shows, and then diagnosis, and then lastly and often late, treatment. The general public and stereotypical populations put a cast on the illness to cause violent behavior. Studies have concluded that violence is a symptom of someone with schizophrenia. Ten epidemiological studies that specifically examine this relationship found a four-to six-fold increased risk of violent behavior in schizophrenia patients (Langstrong, Hjern et al, 2009).   Langstrong among other studies prove that there is a relationship of violence and schizophrenia, however there needs to be more research to confirm. Because this illness is forever changing, future study is needed. The treatment conditions of schizophrenia include psychotic drugs, group and individual counseling, and behavior therapy. Research of schizophrenia is cumbersome. The unknown, yet very pronounced disorder spreads through the clinical and academic areas of psychology as the worse of the worse in psychological breakdown. The possibility to discuss even a small amount of research proves positive for my point of view. Therefore, a few options and current, as well as past, research notations remain throughout the conclusion of this essay. The forever-growing importance of schizophrenia research gives an understanding of not only the illness but also the physical consequences on the person that has the illness. For example, Leucht, Burkard, Henderson agree, It is now well documented by research that people with severe mental disorders have a higher prevalence of several physical diseases and a higher mortality from natural causes than the general population (p. 1, 2007). It is the desire of todays researchers and psychologist to find the root cause wither it is from genes or environment, so that patients and their support can become aware of all options. The mystery of this illness continues to keep research at its peak; however, the causes are beginning to be truly recognized.    Doctors study the physical aspects of schizophrenia, and they study the neurological. The fact is that the brain is the central area that links  emotions and speech. Therefore, if something is off balance in a  brain then behavior begins to alter. Many medical articles argue that cognitive function is lower in someone with a mental disorder, such as schizophrenia, than the average healthy person is, because verbal and cognition support each other. This goes back to the verbal concerns that Hanuszkiewicz, Cechnicki, et al found when studying the speech and activity of someone with schizophrenia. To be exact, brain  imaging shows that in the prodormal phase the patient loses gray matter (neurons and other brain cells) when compared with controls-indication that some underlying brain damage (Seidman, 2009).  Prodromal shows a correlation between loss of brain matter and later signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Seidman along with the University of Harvard lead progressive therapies in the understanding of schizophrenia.  Ã‚  Seidmans 2009 article says, The North American Prodromal Longitudinal Study (NAPLS), followed 291 clearly prodromal subjects for two and a half years and found that 35 percent of them went on to develop schizophrenia (Harvard News, Seidman). This study along shows how the prodromal stage plays into future diagnosis of schizophrenia Another area of research that is useful is the rate of mortality to those that suffer with schizophrenia. Seeman believes that the good news of schizophrenia treatments  is short lived, because the mortality rate remains excessive. She refers to the improvement of schizophrenia treatment in the last thirty years insufficient (2002). Seemans studies prove that schizophrenia patients of today are more vulnerable to negative choices such as Homeless, serious infection, poor diet, smoking, and overuse of abusive substances (Seeman, 2002, p. 162). This means the world is against the one with the illness. Nevertheless, many therapists believe spirituality is exactly what the patient and their love ones may need to conquer such a mental illness as schizophrenia.   It is through in-depth understanding of schizophrenia that  we can learn and accept the illness with a spiritual heart. Eric Johnson (1987) states that there are two aspects of why we all carry a fallen nature and he says the main reasons are that God holds us responsible and that for which [God] does not (Journal of Psychology and Theology). Education and the willingness to understand any mental illness without fright and ridicule can do wonders in the treatment of the patient, and the therapy of their love ones. The forefront of schizophrenia remains hopeful. There have been many small changes and some very significant improvements: attitudes towards families of patients have altered patient autonomy has increased; early intervention, assertive community treatment teams, psycho education, and cognitive behavioral therapy have all been introduced in the last thirty years (Seeman, 1979-2002, p. 162). Within the spiritual understanding of schizophrenia lies the understanding from a healing perspective. Just as Matsumoto Juang believe, Many cross-culture psychologists, psychotherapists, and counselors are sensitive to the issue of somatization (2009, p. 290). They both understand that everyone is different. They promote the very idea of spiritual healing. They both introduce the need for Indigenous Healing, [which] is rooted in religion and spirituality, not biomedical science (Matsumoto Juang, 2009, p. 323). Spirituality not only gives a safe place for the patient, but it provides an understanding to the patients love ones. The difficulties of schizophrenia are not small by any mean. Nevertheless, the people with the illness are trying to improve their lives, and we as the medical, social, and spiritual community must come together as one. The talents from the medical and psychological community are bar-none fantastic. Where the skills and understanding of the therapist may experience challenge, the outcome can be positive. Also, just for the person that struggles with schizophrenia to belong to something other than their disorder does a wonder for the progress in their life. With the compassion from the spiritual side, the knowledge from the medical side, and the understanding from the family side, and the urge from those that dedicate their life to the study of schizophrenia such as Seeman and Seidman remain hopeful. After all, hope is a universal language. If there is illness, there is a need for the research, love, understanding, and healing to continue to be a priority for all involved. References (2009). Schizophrenia. NARSAD InfoLine.  Mental Health Research Foundation.  Retrieved December 1, 2009 from,  http://www.narsad.org/?q=node/9/disorder. (2005). Abundant Life Bible: English Standard Version Holy Bible. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House. American Psychatric Association. 92000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Batey, M., and Furnham, A. (2009). The Relationship Between Creativity, Schizotypy and Intelligence. Individual Difference Research Association, Inc. 7(4), pp 272-28. Retrieved October 12, 2010 from, Idr-Journal.com. Butcher, J., Mineka, S., and Hooley, J. (2004). Abnormal Psychology (12th ed.). New York: Guildford. Carson, R. C., Butcher, J. N., Coleman, J. C. (1988). Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life (8th edition). Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman. Comer, R. (2003). Abnormal Psychology (5th ed.). New York: Worth. Johnson, E. L. (1987). Sin, weakness and psychopathololgy. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 15(3), 218. Hanuszkiewicz, I., Andrzej, C.,   Kalisz, A. (2009). The Relationship between Cognitive Deficits and the Course of Schizophrenia: Preliminary Research on Participants of Rehabilitation Programme. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Archives.(3) pp. 27-34. References Langsstrom, N., Hjern, A. et al.  (2009). Citations and Editors Notes: Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders.  Schizophrenia, substance abuse, and violent crime.  University of Oxford,  UK:  Remedica Medical Education Publishing.  JAMA 2009; 301:2016-23. Leucht, S., Burkard, T., Henderson, J. H., Maj, M. Sartorius, N. (2007).  Physical Illness and Schizophrenia: A Review of the Evidence.  New York,  NY:  Cambridge  University  Press. Masamoto, D. Juang, L. (2008). Culture Psychology (4th edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Seeman, Mary, V. (1979, 2009). Clinical Schizophrenia Related Psychoses. Toronto, Canada: Walsh Medical Media. Vol. 3(3). doi. 10.3371/CSRP.3.3.5. pp. 161-167. Seidman, L. (2009). Pathology: Pattern of Brain Activity Signals Danger in Schizophrenia. Therapeutic Focus Shifting to Earliest Statges of Disease. Harvard Medical School Article, Focus Online News. Retrieved October 7, 2010 from, http://focus.hms.harvard.edu/2009/022009/pathology.shtml.   Spiro, Carolyn Pamela. (2005). Divided Mind: Twin Sisters and Their Journey Through Schizophrenia. New York, NY: Saint Martins Press. World Health Organization. (1973). Report of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (Vol. 1). Geneva: Author. World Health Organization. (1979). Schizophrenia: An international follow-up study. New York, NY: Wiley.

Children and Self-Harm

Children and Self-Harm A new study reveals that young people are influenced to an alarming degree by videos they watch on the Internet. This can include videos of other teens in the act of injuring or harming themselves. According to MedPage Today, most such videos lack warnings or viewing restrictions, making them popular among young adults and teens. Researchers worry that such videos may encourage copycat behavior of self-harm in children. It is important for parents to be aware that some adolescents try to harm themselves due to emotional issues. This self-injuring behavior may include cutting, severe scratching, mutilating the skin with sharp objects, biting, poisoning, and more, and it occurs among 14 to 21 percent of children, teens, and young adults. Apart from the power of videos to sway their behavior, self-harm in children and young adults is linked to low self-esteem and depression, as well as other emotional health issues, such as bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive behavior. Spotting the Warning Signs of Self-Harm in Your Child Children and teenagers who hurt themselves do so in secrecy, which is often the main indication that something is wrong. While it is normal among adolescents to pull away from parents when they are highly involved with friends or experiencing pressure, it is not normal for them to be physically and emotionally withdrawn for long periods of time. Though self-harming behavior can be dangerous, the actions do not include suicidal thoughts or attempts to end life. What are the red flags of self-injuring behavior? Could your child be doing this without you knowing? As a parent, it is important to know the following signs that your child may be self-injuring: Unexplained cuts or burn marks on different parts of the body, particularly on the arms, legs, and abdomen Presence of sharp objects, such as razors, blades, and knives, in your childs possession Prolonged periods of withdrawal or isolation, particularly in the bathroom or bedroom Changes in eating habits, such as deliberate self-starvation or binge eating Excessive exercising Wearing inappropriate clothing for the weather with the intention to hide the body marks Unhygienic practices, such as refusal to bathe or brush teeth Common Reasons Why Children Self-Harm It is estimated that around 10 percent of young people harm themselves at some point. Knowing the signs can help you understand the underlying origins and allow you to respond better. Self-harm in children is often an attempt to manage overwhelming emotional issues caused by the following: Social problems-may include bullying, academic difficulties, relationship conflicts with family or friends, sexual disorientation, cultural adjustments, etc. Traumatic experiences-may be in the form of physical or sexual abuse, death of a loved one, or a violent event such as an accident or an act of terrorism. Emotional causes-such as dissociative disorder, borderline personality disorder, or schizophrenia. These issues can cause intense feelings of anger, hopelessness, guilt, and self-hatred. If not addressed properly, the emotions can build up, triggering possible self-harm to release the pent-up feelings. Discovering Your Child Is Self-Injuring Learning that your child is engaging in self-harming behavior can be scary. Your initial reaction may be shock that your child is intentionally hurting himself or herself. You may also deny the behavior, as your memory conjures the image of a happy child, until the realization hits you that your child is in emotional distress. Its a valid feeling to be angry or frustrated with the fact that your child has lied or hid the truth from you. You may feel guilty for not noticing the change in your childs behavior or for disregarding it as part of the growing process. At the end of the day, you may try to grasp how your child feels to help you understand his or her condition better. Finally, you may blame yourself if you think you have not offered enough love and attention to your child. Help Is Available The good news is that self-harm can be treated with professional intervention. Resolving self-harm in children doesnt require hospitalization unless the conduct is so severe it endangers life. Self-harm is generally not a sign of suicidal intent, but a struggle to overcome emotional pain; thus, it takes counseling to treat self-harming behavior issues in children. Take the first step toward seeking help for your child at Carolina Counseling Services in Pittsboro, NC. One of the independently contracted counselors at CCS is the right-fit therapist to evaluate and help discover the root cause of your childs condition. Getting early help can be invaluable for your child to get over self-harm and get better. Call now to request an appointment.

Compare, Contrast and Evaluate the Sociological Perspectives on the Ro

The role of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare and qualify them for work in the economy as well as helping to integrate individuals into society and teach them the norms, values and morals of society. Yet there are three sociological theories that differ greatly between them on the role of education. These are Functionalism, Marxism and Liberalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Functionalists view the role of education as a means of socialising individuals and to integrate society, to keep society running smoothly and remain stable. Emile Durkheim, creator of the Organic Analogy, was a functionalist during the 1870’s. Durkheim believes that society can only survive if its members are committed to common social values and that education provides these to children and young people as well as raising awareness of their commitment to society. Durkheim also believed that schools teach young people that they must co-operate with their peers and be prepare to listen to and learn from their teachers. Individual pupils eventually learn to suspend their own self interests for those of society as a whole, work together and that success in education, just like in society, involves commitment to a value consensus. Similarly, Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore, functionalists during the 1970’s, believed that education is strongly linked to social stratification by members of society and that education ‘sifts, sorts and allocates’ people to their correct place in the economy and society. By rewarding the most talented and most dedicated by allowing them into the highest paid and highest status jobs, education performs the function which is always necessary to Functionalists – differentiating all members of society so that the system runs smoothly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like the functionalists, Marxists agree that education is functional in that it maintains the dominance of certain powerful groups in society. Unlike the functionalists, however, Marxists do not believe that it works for the benefit of all. Instead Marxists argue that the education system sustains one small group’s ideas about appropriate forms of schooling and assumptions about what knowledge is. The system also maintains different levels of access to knowledge for different groups and thereby prohibits the widespread dissemination of knowledge to everyone. Bowles and... ...cess in the economy of an individual is not always linked to success in school as well as the hidden curriculum being to restrictive as it does not allow society to gain a sense of self. The Marxist view that when the working class develops a class consciousness and realise that they are being exploited they will gather together to create a social revolution and overthrow capitalism and seize back the ruling class wealth and assets, does not apply to modern British society as there are very few people as the underdogs Marx describes are very few as the majority of society is fairly well off. Equally, the Liberalist view of the role of education is not applicable to modern British society as the majority of children are not yet ready for the responsibility to teach themselves, nor is society on a whole ready to accept the liberalists views on education. For these reasons Marxism is most applicable to modern British society as it takes into account the hierarchy within society and the inability to apply meritocracy due to our capitalist society. Therefore Marxism is the theory that has the most in common with modern British society and the theory most likely to apply to our society.

The House on Mango Street Cisneross Style :: House Mango Street

The House on Mango Street Cisneros's Style Sandra Cisneros's writing style in the novel The House on Mango Street transcends two genres, poetry and the short story. The novel is written in a series of poetic vignettes that make it easy to read. These distinguishing attributes are combined to create the backbone of Cisneros's unique style and structure. The novel has confused many critics and readers because it reads like poetry, yet in actuality it is a narrative. Cisneros admits that many of the vignettes are "lazy poems." This means that they could be poems if she had taken the time to finish them (Olivares 145). At many times throughout the novel the words rhyme and can almost be put to a catchy tune. For example, the chapter "Geraldo No Last Name" reads like a poem with end rhyme and a structured pattern. "Pretty too, and young. Said he worked in a restaurant, but she can't remember which one" (Cisneros 65). At the other end of the spectrum, the novel is a series of vignettes. "I would affirm that, although some of the narratives of Mango Street are 'short stories,' most are vignettes, that is, literary sketches, like small illustrations nonetheless..." says critic Julian Olivares (145). Cisneros has stated that she wants a reader to be able to pick up the novel and understand its meaning from any point within; therefore, the novel is told in a series of vignettes, each of which makes it own point. The vignettes are combined to create a larger story (Olivares 145). "Chanclas" is an example of Cisneros's sound prose vignettes. "Meanwhile that boy who is my cousin... asks me to dance and I can't" (Cisneros 47).This chapter is a literary sketch which illustrates Esperanza's insecurity about being poor. Mango Street isn't necessarily structured in chronological order. There are no drastic nor specific changes in time. The reader understands that the character is growing up, but the existing structure can be rearranged without compromising the reader's understanding. The chapters "Hips" ("They(hips) bloom like roses, I continue because it's obvious I'm the only one who can speak with any authority...") and "The First Job" ("So the next morning I put on the navy blue dress that made me look older.

Separation of Church and State in Latin America Essay -- Religion Gove

Separation of Church and State in Latin America Throughout Latin American history, the Roman Catholic Church has played a tumultuous role, from passive "soul saving" to aggressive revolutionary actions. As the countries have turned toward democracy the Catholic Church has had to recognize that along with modernization comes the promotion of two democratic ideals: the separation of Church and State and the endorsement of secularization. While many countries are still working toward a separation of Church and State, Costa Rica, a long-time democratic country, has continued to recognize Roman Catholicism as the official religion of the country and to look to church and clergy for support. Though the Costa Rican Church is removed from the political spotlight, it has not backed down from its doctrine and goals, and the Church and State have created a unique relationship that seems to benefit all peoples. Although the Catholic Church has varied somewhat throughout different parts of the world, the fundamental doctrines regarding social and behavioral expectations have remained relatively untouched. The ideals of tradition and purity still resound within the walls of Catholic churches everywhere. Catholicism is a religion based on ritual with precise words that are to be recited at every mass, baptism, communion, confession, and marriage ceremony. The only ingredient a good Catholic needs in order to share in these traditions and gifts of God is faith. Fortunately, the Church has formulated a number of rules to guide its followers down the difficult path to true faith. Like most Christian religions, the Catholic faith centers its beliefs on the Bible and the teachings of the early Church fathers. Certain parables are extracted ... ... Harold D. ed. Costa Rica: A Country Study, United States Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1983 Peeler, John A. Latin American Democracies, The University of North Carolina Press, 1985 Pope John Paul II. Opening Address at the Puebla Conference. January 28, 1979 Schall, James V. Liberation Theology, Ignatius Press, San Francisco, 1982 Szulc, Tad. Pope John Paul II: The Biography, Scribner, New York, 1995 Tapscott, Stephen ed. Twentieth-Century Latin American Poetry, University of Texas Press, Austin, 1996 Wesson, Robert. Politics, Policies, and Economic Development in Latin America, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, California, 1984 Winn, Peter. Americas: The Changing Face of Latin America and The Caribbean, Pathean Books, New York, 1992 The Merriam Webster Dictionary, Merriam Webster Incorporated, Springfield, Massachusetts, 1994

High Speed Trains

Rail Vehicle Systems H i g h – S p e e d Tra i n s Source: Siemens High-Speed Trains Air Supply | Brake Control | Bogie Equipment | Rail-Services | On-Board Source: Bombardier 2 Why do more and more high-speed train manufacturers and operators put their faith in Knorr-Bremse systems ? Rail Vehicle Systems Knorr-Bremse systems are impressive even at extremely high speeds At speeds of up to 400 km/h, enormous forces are generated. Trains that regularly travel long distances at high speeds require braking systems that can keep these forces under control – both safely and economically.As well as lightweight, compact systems that can be used worldwide, there is a need for intelligent control systems. Knorr-Bremse is regarded as an international pioneer in this field. On the basis of tried-and-tested technologies, we develop innovative solutions offering top levels of safety, reliability, and economy. The systems we have developed are so efficient that they also score top mar ks in terms of environmental friendliness. Customers enjoy full support from a single source – from the initial planning stage and commissioning right down to aftermarket services.Worldwide operator and customer audits regularly single out the consistent quality of our products and services for praise – and this is confirmed by our EN 50126 (RAMS and LCC) certification. 3 High-Speed Trains Systems Solutions For Every Market On-BOard S yS t e m S BOgie equipment a i r S u p p ly What is Knorr-Bremse’s complete â€Å"one-stop solution† for high-speed trains 4 ? Rail Vehicle Systems Air Supply Combined compressor and air treatment system Knorr-Bremse’s ready-to-install air supply equipment has been adapted in line with the trend towards increasingly compact, lightweight systems.Our product portfolio includes low-vibration and low-noise screw compressors with an output of between 600 and 2,500 l/min. as well as air dryers and condensate collectors. A p articularly economic solution is the first ever oil-free compressor, with life-cycle costs that are up to 50% lower than those of conventional compressors. B o gie Equipment Innovative design minimizes assembly and maintenance requirements Knorr-Bremse offers a wide range of compact, lightweight bogie equipment including low-maintenance compact brake calipers, low-wear brake discs, and innovative high-performance brake pads.Sinter pads reduce the life-cycle costs of electromagnetic track brakes by up to 40%. The eddy current brake is completely free of wear components. Brake Control Ensuring the intelligent interaction of all brake functions With brake control systems, Knorr-Bremse ensures optimum functioning of all systems involved in the braking process and allow reliable stopping of the train in all operating conditions.The highly flexible and configurable brake control system EP Compact, together with the modular electronic platform ESRA, manages the pressure control, anti-skid, wheel-slide monitoring and diagnostics, as well as further highly complex brake control functions. BraKe cO n t r O l O n-B oard Systems Doors, air-conditioning units, and more It is not just Knorr-Bremse braking systems that ensure greater safety and comfort in rail vehicles. Our on-board product portfolio covers a wide range of innovative products and solutions including vehicle and platform doors and air-conditioning units.We also produce state-of-the-art electronic diagnostic systems and windscreen wiper and wash systems. R ail-S er vices A partner for all requirements throughout the entire product life-cycle Knorr-Bremse offers a wide range of rail-services ranging from individual consultancy and collaborative product development to homologation, commissioning, training, maintenance, repair, upgrading, and overhaul of all components – as well as a reliable supply of OEM parts. Whether you opt for individual services or the full package, everything is provided locally, e ither on-site or in one of our global service centers.Testing Test benches for all products – worldwide Knorr-Bremse supplies test benches for all products and systems, customized and tailored to the customer’s requirements, to supplement longterm overhaul services with tools and products for daily maintenance. Several hundreds of test benches and test installations are in operational service with our customers worldwide – for example, as train brake tests, test benches for brake control products, compressors, air dryers, tread brakes, brake calipers, and more.A perfect balance of high-quality systems and services Knorr-Bremse’s expertise in the field has gone into every single component and system. Top-quality components operate smoothly together to guarantee optimum functionality, high reliability, and maximum safety. Complex electronic control systems such as blending and brake management reduce wear to a minimum by ensuring balanced operation of all s ystems. The system can be configured either to use the vehicle bus system or a separate bus exclusive to the braking system. For each project, customers are closely consulted at the design stage.It goes without saying that Knorr-Bremse offers support during the homologation process as well as all the necessary on-site services across the entire product life-cycle. 5 High-Speed Trains C u t t i n g – E d g e Te c h n o l o g i e s Compressors Oil-free compressor Compact Brake Calipers Easy to install, maintenance-free, unusually lightweight The compact brake caliper unit has a completely redesigned mechanism for applying braking force that allows for considerable transverse axle movement and tilt without generating any internal stresses.Requiring only a standard interface, it is easy to install, and sealed joints mean low maintenance. Its weight has also been reduced by up to an impressive 100 kg per bogie. Modular Brake Control EP Compact and ESRA – modular brake contr ol With EP Compact, Knorr-Bremse has developed a flexible and powerful brake control system with central and distributed control coming from one family. Core functions can be expanded by adding a wide range of options offered by various modules of the EP Compact product family.Especially for high-speed trains, Knorr-Bremse has developed innovative ESRA modules for new functions as defined in the TSI. Knorr-Bremse is the only brake supplier to offer an integrated solution for bogie monitoring and diagnostics comprising detection of non-rotating axles, derailment detection and additional diagnostic functions to improve service and maintenance. Knorr-Bremse was the first company in the rail vehicle industry to develop a compressor that operates without any oil. Lubrication is replaced by a special coating, and the unit is cooled by air taken in via the crankcase.This innovative product is a winner in both environmental and economic terms. Expenses for oil changes, oil separation, and c ondensate disposal are avoided, and energy consumption, weight, and installation space are significantly reduced. Innovations that pay their way Reducing wear and tear and maintenance costs is a good way of saving money. More than any other manufacturer, Knorr-Bremse has succeeded in finely coordinating the complex interplay of different braking systems. Brake components that are prone to wear are only used when the wear-free electro-dynamic braking cannot cope on its own.Even then, patented ISOBAR brake pads have proven longevity against conventional materials. Brake pads and discs require replacement less frequently, and their design enables them to be serviced rapidly. The brake calipers themselves are low maintenance. These examples demonstrate that if all the relevant factors are included in the calculation, the bottom line is savings for the customer. Customized service packages ensure that all Knorr-Bremse systems function smoothly for up to 30 years – anywhere in the world.The secret is our combination of OEM expertise and a highly efficient service infrastructure. 6 Rail Vehicle Systems Brake Management Intelligent braking Stefan Aurich Team Leader, System Engineering High-Speed Trains â€Å"We produce utterly reliable systems for rail vehicles that are subject to heavy use. Our products offer everything: easy handling, low-cost, and uncompromising levels of safety. † Economical braking is all about reducing the stress on wear components to a minimum. Knorr-Bremse ensures that friction brakes only come into operation when wear-free dynamic brakes are not enough.A brake management system for the entire train calculates brake force distribution based on different data: available brake effort of the individual brake systems, vehicle weights and adhesion limits, and thermal limits of the friction brake are taken into account to blend the different systems and achieve a balanced braking. is it true that Knorr-Bremse’s high-speed soluti ons are also the best in the world in terms of economy ? 7 High-Speed Trains Satisfied Customers †¦ 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wherever top quality is crucial for competitiveness Knorr-Bremse’s rail vehicle systems are not only cutting-edge technology – they are also market leaders.All over the world, when manufacturers and operators make purchasing decisions, they take a wide range of factors relating to safety and economics into consideration. They find that the best results are offered by Knorr-Bremse’s unique combination of experience and innovation. Many customers opt for the full range of Knorr-Bremse systems and components for their high-speed trains. Examples for equipped high-speed trains worldwide: 1 BR 407 2 AVE S 103 3 AGV Pegase 4 CRH3 5 AVE S 102 6 KTX Korea 8 †¦ Supplied With Excellent Products Air SupplyOil-free compressor Oil-free air (environmentally friendly, no downstream contamination) Less complex system / fewer interfaces (no oil filter, no c ondensate collector) Almost maintenance-free, very low LCC Screw compressor Special design, related to tough railway operation conditions Low compressor noise level Virtually pulsation-free, delivery of compressed air Brake Control EP Compact Flexible brake control platform Central and distributed control Compact design Continuous pneumatic load correction Full set of auxiliary functions CENELEC- and TSI-compliantModular ESRA Intelligent combination of pneumatic and electronic control Intelligent blending and brake management Modular and suitable to the various customer requirements CENELEC- and TSI-compliant Bogie Equipment Wheel- and axle-mounted brake disc Standardized interface and fixation on wheel Resistant against thermal cracks due to movable friction disc Robust design with high safety against external shock and vibration Compact brake caliper Only one interface to bogie Highly modular design Optimized design regarding weight, assembly, and costs Reduced maintenance 9 Rail Vehicle SystemsCompact units Compact, light, reliable Protected: developed especially for installation beneath the frame All components to be maintained can be reached through a maintenance port Air dryer Dual-chamber regeneration dryer Lightweight aluminum design Integrated pre-filtration elements COMORAN – Condition Monitoring for Railway Applications Condition monitoring and diagnosis Derailment detection Reducing life-cycle costs Fulfillment of TSI requirements Modular motion controller kit Brake, traction, and master controller Compatible with UIC standard Small, flexible installation space Robust design, proven applicationIsobar sinter brake pad Flexible sinter brake pad with highest brake performance Temperature resistant with constant friction behavior Long disc and pad life due to even temperature distribution on brake disc For overhaul, only replacement of friction elements necessary Eddy current brake No mechanical contact between brake and rail No wear and tear an d low maintenance Noiseless braking Brake force does not depend on friction coefficient Constant brake force even at high-speed applications 10 Rail Vehicle Systems Where have Knorr-Bremse solutions already been tried and tested ? 11 High-Speed Trains T h e F u t u r eWhat prospects for the future can Knorr-Bremse offer in the high-speed segment 12 ? Rail Vehicle Systems Secure Operation | Secure Investment | Secure Future The future belongs to technology leaders The extreme stress to which high-speed trains are subjected call for unusually high-performance, top-quality, and safe braking technologies. We offer to adapt every system to the specific operating conditions involved, thereby minimizing wear and tear and achieving top levels of economy and vehicle availability. As a manufacturer of braking systems with more than 100 years‘ experience, Knorr-Bremse has the necessary expertise to achieve this.High levels of R & D investment ensure that our systems remain cutting-edge a round the world. With railservices Knorr-Bremse offers a high-quality portfolio of maintenance and aftermarket services ranging from original spare parts and maintenance agreements right down to responsibility for complete systems during the entire life-cycle. Customers also benefit from a comprehensive network of service centers for all braking and on-board systems. 13 Rail Vehicle Systems Knorr-Bremse Systeme fur Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH Moosacher Stra? e 80 80809 Munich Germany Tel: +49 89 3547 0 Fax: +49 89 3547 2767 www. knorr-bremse. om Europe – Africa Austria – Modling Dr. techn. J. ZELISKO GmbH Tel: +43 2236 409 0 Knorr-Bremse GmbH Tel: +43 2236 409 0 Austria – Kematen/Ybbs Knorr-Bremse GmbH Division IFE Tel: +43 7448 9000 Czech Republic – Brno IFE-CR, a. s. Tel: +42 0532 159 111 IGE-CZ s. r. o. Tel: +42 0548 424 050 France – Reims Freinrail Systemes Ferroviaires S. A. Tel: +33 3 2679 7200 Germany – Berlin Knorr-Bremse Systeme fur Schi enenfahrzeuge GmbH Zweigniederlassung Berlin Tel: +49 30 9392 0 Hungary – Budapest Knorr-Bremse Vasuti Jarmu Rendszerek Hungaria Kft. Tel: +36 1421 1100 Italy – Florence Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems Italia S. r. l.Tel: +39 055 3020 1 Italy – Rozzano Microelettrica Scientifica SpA Tel: +39 02 575 731 Netherlands – Leeuwarden IFE Tebel Technologies B. V. Tel: +31 58 297 3333 Poland – Krakow Knorr-Bremse Systemy dla Kolejowych Srodkow Lokomocji PL Sp. z o. o. Tel: +48 12 260 96 10 Romania – Bucharest Knorr-Bremse SRL Tel: +40 37 400 5155 Russia – Moscow Knorr-Bremse Systeme fur Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH Tel: +7 495 739 01 13 South Africa – Spartan Knorr-Bremse (SA) (Pty) Ltd. Tel: +27 11 961 7800 South Africa – Johannesburg Microelettrica Scientifica (PTY) Ltd Tel: +27 11 794 3330 Spain – Madrid Merak Sistemas Integrados de Climatizacion, S.A. Tel: +34 91 495 90 00 Sociedad Espanola de Frenos Calefaccion y Senales, S. A. T el: +34 91 145 9400 Sweden – Lund Knorr-Bremse Nordic Rail Services AB Tel: +46 46 3293 50 Switzerland – Niederhasli Oerlikon-Knorr Eisenbahntechnik AG Tel:+41 44 852 31 11 United Kingdom – Melksham Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems (UK) Ltd. Tel: +44 1225 898 700 United Kingdom – Derby Sydac Ldt Derwent Business Centre Tel: +44 1332 299 600 United Kingdom – Donchaster Techtrain Associates Ltd Tel: +44 1302 360043 Americ a Brazil – Sao Paulo Knorr-Bremse Sistemas para Veiculos Ferroviarios Ltda. Tel: +55 11 5681 1129 Canada – Kingston Knorr Brake Ltd.Tel: +1 613 389 46 60 USA – Randolph Microelettrica USA LLC Tel: +1 973 598 0806 USA – Watertown New York Air Brake Corporation Tel: +1 315 786 52 00 USA – West Chicago Anchor Brake Shoe Company Tel: +1 630 293 1110 USA – Westminster IFE North America Tel: +1 410 875 1468 Knorr Brake Corporation Tel: +1 410 875 09 00 Merak North America LLC Tel: +1 410 875 09 00 A sia – Australia Australia – Granville NSW Knorr-Bremse Australia Pty. Ltd. Tel: +61 2 8863 6500 Australia – Adelaide Sydac Pty Ldt Tel: +61 8239 3600 China – Beijing Knorr-Bremse CARS LD Vehicle Brake Disc Manufacturing (Beijing) Co. Ltd. Tel: +86 10 5101 0999 Knorr-Bremse Nankou Air Supply Unit (Beijing) Co. Ltd. Tel: +86 10 5164 2640 Knorr-Bremse Systems for Rail Vehicles (Suzhou) Co. Ltd. Beijing Office Tel: +86 10 6802 9088 China – Guangzhou Westinghouse Platform Screen Doors (Guangzhou) Ltd. Tel: +86 20 8770 8700 China – Hong Kong Knorr-Bremse Asia Pacific (Holding) Limited Tel: +852 3657 9800 China – Qingdao IFE-Victall Railway Vehicle Door Systems (Qingdao) Co. , Ltd. Tel: +86 532 8793 8512 China – Shanghai Merak Railways Technologies (Shanghai) Co. , Ltd.Tel: +86 21 5192 5800 China – Suzhou New District Knorr-Bremse Systems for Rail Vehicles (Suzhou) Co. Ltd. Tel: +86 512 6616 5666 This publication may be subject to alteration without prior notice. A printed copy of this document may not be the latest revision. Please contact your local Knorr-Bremse representative or check our website www. knorr-bremse. com for the latest update. The figurative mark â€Å"K† and the trademarks KNORR and KNORRBREMSE are registered in the name of Knorr-Bremse AG. Copyright 2007  © Knorr-Bremse AG – All rights reserved.Including industrial property rights applications. Knorr-Bremse AG retains any power of disposal, such as for copying and transferring. China – Wuxi Merak Jinxin Air Conditioning Systems (Wuxi) Co. , Ltd. Tel: +86 510 8558 3133 India – Faridabad Knorr-Bremse India Private Ltd. Tel: +91 129 227 64 09 Japan – Tokyo Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems Japan Ltd. Tel: +81 3 53 91 10 13 Korea – Seoul Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems Korea Ltd. Tel: +82 2 22 80 55 55 Singapore – Singapore Knorr-Bremse Asia Pacific (Holding) Limited Tel: +65 6555 0105 P-1203-EN-03 09. 2010